Spanish Grammar Lessons

A0: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures

Using me llamo [name] - to say your name   

Using Soy de [city/country] to say where you are from   

Tener [número] años = To be [number] years old   

A0: Prepositions & Conjunctions

Using vivo en + [city/country/region] to say where you live   

A0: Nouns & Articles

Using un, una to say a/an (singular indefinite articles)   

A0: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures

Using hay = there is / there are   

A0: Nouns & Articles

Using el or la to say the (singular definite articles)   

Using los or las to say the (plural definite articles)   

A1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation

Conjugate ser in El Presente (present tense)   

A1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures

Using ser (not estar) to express an essential or permanent characteristic   

A1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation

Conjugate estar in El Presente (present tense)   

A1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures

Using estar (not ser) when talking about locations   

A1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation

Conjugate regular -ar verbs in El Presente (present tense)   

Conjugate regular -er verbs in El Presente (present tense)   

Conjugate regular -ir verbs like vivir in El Presente (present tense)   

A1: Nouns & Articles

Forming regular masculine and feminine nouns (singular and plural)   

A1: Adjectives & Adverbs

Forming the singular masculine and feminine of regular adjectives   

Forming regular plural masculine and feminine adjectives   

A1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation

Conjugate ir in El Presente (present tense)   

A1: Numbers, Time & Date

Expressing dates in Spanish   

A1: Nouns & Articles

Contracted masculine singular articles: al and del   

A1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation

Conjugate tener in El Presente (present tense)   

A1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures

Using hace to talk about the weather   

Using hay, está, or an impersonal verb to talk about the weather   

A1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation

Conjugate hacer in El Presente   

A1: Adjectives & Adverbs

Using muy versus mucho (intensifiers)   

A1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures

Using gustar to say you like something   

Using gustar + verb to say like [doing something]   

A1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation

Conjugate preferir in El Presente (present tense)   

Conjugate querer in El Presente (present tense)   

Conjugate salir in El Presente (present tense)   

A1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures

Using vez/veces = time/times   

A1: Adjectives & Adverbs

Using cada and todos/-as for "every" in time phrases (quantitative adjectives)   

A1: Negative Words & Constructions

Forming negative sentences using no (negation)   

A1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation

Conjugate stem-changing (e > ie) semi-regular -ar verbs in El Presente (present tense)   

Conjugate semi-regular pensar in El Presente (present tense)   

A1: Questions & Interrogatives

Forming questions with qué = what   

A1: Nouns & Articles

Forming the plural of nouns ending in a consonant (except -z)   

A1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation

Conjugate reflexive verbs in El Presente (present tense)   

A1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures

Using A + la/las + [time] to express at what time something takes place   

A1: Adjectives & Adverbs

Using este, esta, estos, estas to say this/these (demonstrative adjectives)   

A1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation

Conjugate ir + a + infinitive = to be going to (near future)   

Conjugate venir in El Presente (present tense)   

A1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures

Expressing obligation with tener que   

A1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation

Conjugate poder in El Presente (present tense)   

A1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures

Using deber, poder, querer + infinitive to express must, can, to want to   

A1: Adjectives & Adverbs

Forming regular adverbs ending in -mente   

A1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation

Conjugate soler in El Presente (present tense)   

Conjugate poner in El Presente (present tense)   

Conjugate traer in El Presente (present tense)   

A1: Adjectives & Adverbs

How to say my, your, his, her, its and their (masculine/feminine singular and plural)   

A1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures

Using querría, quería and quisiera to politely say "I would like"   

A1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation

Conjugate dar in El Presente (present tense)   

Conjugate ver in El Presente   

Conjugate oler in El Presente (present tense)   

Conjugate sentir in El Presente (present tense)   

Conjugate entender in El Presente (present tense)   

Conjugate leer in El Presente ( present tense)   

Conjugate jugar in El Presente (present tense)   

Conjugate decir and its derivatives in El Presente (present tense): predecir, bendecir, maldecir   

Conjugate saber in El Presente (present tense)   

A1: Adjectives & Adverbs

Forming the singular feminine of -s ending nationality and place of origin adjectives   

Forming the plural of -s ending nationality and place of origin adjectives   

A1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation

Conjugate oír in El Presente (present tense)   

A1: Adjectives & Adverbs

Using cada + noun for each (quantitative adjectives)   

A1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation

Conjugate semi-regular stem-changing (e > ie) -er verbs in El Presente (present tense)   

Conjugate semi regular (e > i) verb pedir in El Presente (present tense)   

Conjugate stem-changing (e > i) verbs: corregir and elegir in El Presente (present tense)   

Conjugate stem-changing (e > i) verbs: seguir, conseguir, perseguir in El Presente (present tense)   

A1: Prepositions & Conjunctions

Using para (and not por) for purpose, goal or objective   

Using por (and not para) to express a part of the day   

A1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation

Conjugate stem-changing -ar verbs (o > ue) in El Presente (present tense)   

Conjugate stem-changing -er verbs (o > ue) in El Presente (present tense)   

Conjugate -ir stem-changing verbs (o > ue) in El Presente (present tense)   

Conjugate traducir and conducir in El Presente (present tense)   

Conjugate haber in El Presente (present tense)   

Conjugate stem-changing (e > ie) semi-regular -ir verbs in El Presente (present tense)   

Conjugate stem-changing e > i verbs: competir, reir, servir in El Presente (present tense)   

A1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures

Using ser (not estar) to say when / where something takes place   

Using ser (not estar) to talk about time, days, dates and seasons   

A1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation

Forming regular gerunds (-ing form)    

Forming El Presente Progresivo with estar + gerund (present progressive)   

Using El Presente Progresivo instead of El Presente (temporary vs permanent actions)   

A1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures

Using ser (not estar) to introduce people   

A1: Nouns & Articles

Gender and plural formation of nouns ending in -e   

A1: Adjectives & Adverbs

Forming the singular feminine of adjectives ending -e and -a    

Forming the plural of masculine and feminine adjectives ending in -e and -a   

Using ese, esa, esos, esas to say that/those (demonstrative adjectives)   

A1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures

Using ser (not estar) to say what you do for a living   

Using ser (not estar) to describe relationships   

A1: Adjectives & Adverbs

Using más/menos for more/less/fewer as adjectives, pronouns and adverbs   

A1: Nouns & Articles

Using unos, unas + plural nouns to say some / a few (plural indefinite articles)   

Using numbers + nouns   

A1: Prepositions & Conjunctions

Using preposition de to express possession   

A1: Nouns & Articles

Months of the year are masculine   

Days of the week are masculine   

Cardinal points are masculine   

Numbers are masculine   

A1: Adjectives & Adverbs

Forming the singular feminine of -e ending nationality and origin adjectives   

Forming the plural of -e ending nationality and origin adjectives   

A1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures

Using ser (not estar) to express origin or nationality   

A1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation

Conjugate -ger and -gir verbs with g > j change in El Presente (present tense)   

A1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures

Difference between hay and está   

A1: Nouns & Articles

Using definite articles el, la, los, las with bodyparts and clothing (definite articles)   

Forming the plural of nouns ending in -z   

A1: Pronouns

Tú vs Usted (informal vs formal)   

A2: Adjectives & Adverbs

Difference between este, ese and aquel (demonstrative adjectives)   

Use [verb] más [adjective/noun] que / menos [adjective/noun] que = more...than / less... than (comparatives)   

Using tan ... como = as ... as (comparatives with adjectives and adverbs)   

Using tanto como with verbs and nouns to say as much/many ... as (comparatives)   

A2: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures

Using estar (and not ser) to express relationship statuses   

A2: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation

Spanish present tense consonant change c > zc in -cer/-cir verbs   

Conjugate recordar, acordar and acordarse o > ue stem changing -ar verbs in El Presente (present tense)   

A2: Pronouns

Using lo, la, los, las = him, her, it, them (direct object pronouns)   

A2: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation

Conjugate regular -ar verbs in El Pretérito Indefinido (simple past)   

Conjugate regular -er and -ir verbs in El Pretérito Indefinido (simple past)   

A2: Pronouns

Using le and les = [to] it,him, her, them (indirect object pronouns)    

Using me, te, le, nos, os, les (indirect object pronouns)   

A2: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures

Using había to say there was / there were   

A2: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation

Conjugate and recognise ir and ser in El Pretérito Indefinido (simple past)   

Conjugate estar in El Pretérito Indefinido (simple past)   

Conjugate hacer in El Pretérito Indefinido (simple past)   

A2: Adjectives & Adverbs

Using demasiado, bastante, suficiente, poco, tanto and mucho to express quantity (quantitative adjectives)   

A2: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation

Conjugate dar in El Pretérito Indefinido (simple past)   

Conjugate ver in El Pretérito Indefinido (simple past)   

Conjugate regular -ar verbs in El Pretérito Imperfecto (imperfect)   

Conjugate regular -er and -ir verbs in El Pretérito Imperfecto (imperfect)   

Conjugate huir and construir in El Presente (present tense)   

Conjugate tener in El Pretérito Indefinido (simple past)   

Conjugate irregular -er verbs in El Pretérito Indefinido: leer, creer and proveer (simple past)   

A2: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures

Using hubo = there was / there were (simple past)   

A2: Prepositions & Conjunctions

Using para (not por) for a deadline/time limit   

A2: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation

Conjugate poder in El Pretérito Indefinido (simple past)   

Conjugate irregular verbs ending in -car in El Pretérito Indefinido (simple past)   

Conjugate irregular verbs ending in -gar in el Pretérito Indefinido (simple past)   

Conjugate irregular verbs ending in -zar in el Pretérito Indefinido (simple past)   

Conjugate irregular poner and its derivatives in El Pretérito Indefinido (simple past)   

Conjugate irregular -ir verbs stem changing (e > i) in El Pretérito Indefinido (simple past)   

Conjugate venir in El Pretérito Indefinido (simple past)   

Conjugate andar in El Pretérito Indefinido (simple past)   

Using El Preterito Indefinido for completed actions in the past   

Conjugate querer in El Pretérito Indefinido (simple past)   

Conjugate irregular decir and its derivatives in El Pretérito Indefinido (simple past)   

A2: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures

Use "hace" for "ago" with El Pretérito Indefinido   

A2: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation

Conjugate irregular verb oír in El Pretérito Indefinido (simple past)   

A2: Prepositions & Conjunctions

Using para (not por) for a destination   

A2: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation

Conjugate irregular verbs dormir and morir in Pretérito Indefinido (simple past)   

Conjugate traer in El Pretérito Indefinido (simple past)   

Conjugate irregular -ducir verbs in El Pretérito Indefinido: introducir, producir, traducir, conducir   

Conjugate ser in El Pretérito Imperfecto (imperfect tense)   

Conjugate ver in El Pretérito Imperfecto (imperfect tense)   

Conjugate ir in El Pretérito Imperfecto (imperfect past)   

Using El Pretérito Imperfecto to express habits or repeated actions in the past (imperfect tense)   

Conjugate irregular -er verbs in El Pretérito Indefinido: caber, saber (simple past)   

A2: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures

Expressing instructions and general statements with the impersonal se = one   

A2: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation

Using El Preterito Imperfecto to describe a situation in the past   

A2: Adjectives & Adverbs

Aquel, aquella, aquellos, aquellas = that/those [over there] (demonstrative adjectives)   

A2: Pronouns

Using esto, este, esta, estos, estas to say "this", "this one" and "these ones" (demonstrative pronouns)   

Using ese, esa, esos, esas, eso for that one, those ones and that (demonstrative pronouns)   

Using aquel, aquella, aquellos, aquellas for that one (over there), those ones (over there) and that (over there) (demonstrative pronouns)   

A2: Adjectives & Adverbs

Using aquí, ahí and allí = here and there   

A2: Prepositions & Conjunctions

Using antes de /después de [noun/infinitive] for before/after [something/doing something]   

A2: Pronouns

Using algo to say something or anything   

A2: Adjectives & Adverbs

Using algún (a, as, os) to say some or any   

A2: Pronouns

Using alguien to say someone or anyone   

A2: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation

Regular verb hacer in El Pretérito Imperfecto   

Regular verb tener in El Pretérito Imperfecto   

Conjugate semi-regular verb pedir in El Pretérito Indefinido (simple past)   

A2: Prepositions & Conjunctions

Using preposition con followed by a pronoun to say with me, you, him, her, us, you (plural), them   

A2: Pronouns

Using nada to say nothing or anything   

A2: Adjectives & Adverbs

Using the negative ningún (a, os, as) = not any   

A2: Pronouns

Using nadie to say no one, nobody and anyone   

A2: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation

Conjugate irregular verbs ending in -uir in El Pretérito Indefinido (simple past)   

Forming the imperative of tú for most verbs (affirmative commands)    

Forming the imperative of tú for all irregular verbs (irregular affirmative commands)   

Forming the imperative of vosotros for all verbs (affirmative commands)    

A2: Prepositions & Conjunctions

Using por (not para) to express the originating cause or reason   

A2: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation

Conjugate regular -ar verbs in El Pretérito Perfecto Compuesto (present perfect)   

Conjugate regular -er, -ir verbs in El Pretérito Perfecto Compuesto (present perfect)   

Irregular past participles ending in -to/-cho   

A2: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures

Using El Preterito Perfecto (not El Pretérito Indefinido) to talk about experiences   

Using todavía no with El Pretérito Perfecto = not yet (negative expression)   

A2: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation

Using ya with El Pretérito Perfecto   

A2: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures

Using desde (hace) with El Presente instead of El Pretérito Perfecto to express since/for   

A2: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation

Conjugate ver in El Pretérito Perfecto (present perfect)   

A2: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures

When to use the perfect tense versus the simple past in European Spanish (Perfecto vs Indefinido)   

A2: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation

Conjugate estar in El Pretérito Imperfecto (imperfect tense)   

Forming irregular gerunds (-ing form)    

Forming El Imperfecto Progresivo with estar + gerund (imperfect progressive)   

A2: Prepositions & Conjunctions

Using por (not para) to express "through" (a place)   

Using por (not para) to express approximate location   

A2: Adjectives & Adverbs

Forming comparative adjectives mayor/menor/mejor/peor   

A2: Prepositions & Conjunctions

Using para (not por) to express opinion   

A2: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures

Using estar (not ser) when talking about feelings and emotions    

How to say "to love something/doing something"   

A2: Nouns & Articles

Nouns ending in -or are masculine   

A2: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures

Using estar (not ser) when talking about physical condition of something, someone or a place   

Using ser+preposition para (not estar) to indicate a recipient   

Using ser (not estar) with the preposition para, to indicate a purpose   

A2: Adjectives & Adverbs

How to say our and your (masculine/feminine singular and plural)   

Forming the singular of masculine and feminine adjectives ending in -z and -l   

Forming the plural of masculine and feminine adjectives ending in -z and -l   

Forming the singular and plural of adjectives ending in -án, ón, -or   

A2: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation

Conjugate hacer in El Pretérito Perfecto (present perfect)   

A2: Nouns & Articles

Gender of nouns ending in -umbre, -ión, -dad, -tad, -tis and -sis and their plural   

Using the diminutive suffix -ito, -ita, -itos and -itas with words ending in -o/-a/-io/-ia   

A2: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation

Conjugate caber in El Presente (present tense)   

A2: Prepositions & Conjunctions

Using the conjunction que to say that   

A2: Adjectives & Adverbs

Ningún, ninguna + noun + verb = No [noun] + verb (negation)   

Using demasiado, bastante, un poco, and muy for too, quite, a bit, and very (quantitative adverbs)   

A2: Pronouns

Using demasiado, bastante, suficiente, poco, tanto and mucho to express quantity (quantitative pronouns)   

A2: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures

Forming exclamatory sentences with qué [noun] or qué [adjective]   

A2: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation

Conjugate soler in El Pretérito Imperfecto   

A2: Pronouns

How to say mine, yours, his, hers, its and theirs (masculine, feminine, singular and plural pronouns)   

A2: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation

Conjugate -cir verbs in El Pretérito Indefinido   

A2: Adjectives & Adverbs

Using todo, toda, todos and todas to say all, every and the whole (indefinite adjectives)   

A2: Pronouns

Using todo to say everything or all (of it) (indefinite pronoun)   

A2: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation

Conjugate decir in El Pretérito Perfecto (present perfect)   

A2: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures

Expressing obligation with hay que   

A2: Negative Words & Constructions

Forming negative sentences using no (negation) with complex verbal structures   

A2: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures

Using es bueno/malo or está bien/mal   

A2: Questions & Interrogatives

Using cómo, dónde and cuándo in interrogative, exclamatory and indirect sentences    

Difference between porque and por qué (because and why)   

A2: Pronouns

Using alguno, alguna, algunos and algunas to say some, one or any (pronouns)   

Using the negative ninguno, ninguna, ningunos and ningunas to say not any (indefinite pronoun)   

A2: Prepositions & Conjunctions

Using prepositions a, para, por, de, en, sin, hacia followed by a pronoun   

A2: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation

Conjugate deber in El Pretérito Imperfecto   

A2: Adjectives & Adverbs

Using otro, otra, otros, otras to say another, other (indefinite adjectives)   

A2: Pronouns

Using otro, otra, otros, otras to say another/another one, other, others (indefinite pronouns)   

A2: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation

Conjugate querer in El Pretérito Imperfecto   

A2: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures

Acabar de + [infinitive] = to have just done / just did something   

A2: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation

Conjugate poner and its derivatives in El Pretérito Perfecto (present perfect)   

A2: Nouns & Articles

Using plural definite article + number + noun   

Using unos, unas + number = about/approximately   

A2: Pronouns

Using numbers as pronouns   

A2: Nouns & Articles

Gender and plural of nouns ending in -ma (greek origin)   

Some nouns ending in -o (shortened from a feminine noun) are feminine   

A2: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures

Personal "a" verbs (ver, visitar, buscar, conocer)   

A2: Adjectives & Adverbs

Más que/Menos que vs Más de/Menos de (More/Less than)   

A2: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures

Using definite articles + mismo to say "the same"   

A2: Prepositions & Conjunctions

Using porque, como and es que to express cause   

Difference between pero, sino and sino que (but)    

A2: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures

Sentir vs Sentirse (to feel)    

A2: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation

Conjugate ser in El Pretérito Perfecto Compuesto (present perfect)   

A2: Questions & Interrogatives

Using Cuánto + noun to ask how much/how many (interrogative adjective)   

A2: Prepositions & Conjunctions

Using para (and not por) to say who you work for   

A2: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures

Using the infinitive (not the gerund) as the subject/object of the verb   

How to use question tags: ¿no? ¿verdad?   

A2: Prepositions & Conjunctions

Expressing duration with durante/por/no preposition   

Using prepositions entre and según followed by a pronoun   

A2: Adjectives & Adverbs

Cada uno/a de [noun/pronoun] for each one of [something/someone]    

A2: Numbers, Time & Date

Expressing large numbers: hundreds, thousands, millions and billions   

A2: Prepositions & Conjunctions

Using desde/de/hasta/a for from/to   

A2: Adjectives & Adverbs

Using varios/varias to say some (indefinite adjectives and pronouns)   

Forming singular and plural of adjectives ending in -ar   

How to say the most / the least + adjective (superlatives)   

How to say the best/the worst/the oldest/the youngest (irregular superlatives)   

B1: Pronouns

Que/ el cual/ la cual/ los cuales/ quien/ quienes = who, that, which (relative pronouns)   

B1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation

Conjugate regular -ar, -er, and -ir verbs in El Pluscuamperfecto de Indicativo (pluperfect)   

Conjugate hacer, escribir, ver, decir, poner in El Pretérito Pluscuamperfecto (pluperfect)   

B1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures

Using El Pluscuamperfecto to indicate that a past action happens before another past action (pluperfect)   

B1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation

Using ya with El Pretérito Pluscuamperfecto   

B1: Pronouns

Pronouns le / les become se when used with lo, la, los, las (indirect with direct pronouns)   

Using lo que = what, which, that which, the thing that (relative pronouns)   

B1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation

Conjugate regular -ar verbs in El Presente de Subjuntivo (present subjunctive)   

Conjugate regular -er and -ir verbs in El Presente de Subjuntivo (present subjunctive)   

Conjugate irregular verb ir in El Presente de Subjuntivo.   

Conjugate ser in El Presente de Subjuntivo (present subjunctive)   

Querer que is always followed by El Subjuntivo (present subjunctive)   

B1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures

Using esperar que + El Presente de Subjuntivo to express hope   

B1: Adjectives & Adverbs

Bueno, malo, grande become buen, mal, gran before a noun (apócope)   

Primero and tercero become primer and tercer before a noun (apócope)   

B1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation

Conjugate regular -ar, -er and -ir verbs in El Futuro Simple (simple future)   

Conjugate tener in El Futuro Simple (simple future)   

Conjugate irregular verb decir in El Futuro Simple (simple future)   

Conjugate irregular verb salir in El Futuro Simple (simple future)   

B1: Negative Words & Constructions

Using nunca in negative sentences   

B1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation

Cuando + El Presente de Subjuntivo vs Cuando + El Presente de Indicativo   

Using El Futuro Simple (simple future) to express probabilities or predictions in the future   

Using El Futuro Simple (simple future) to express probabilities or predictions in the present   

B1: Questions & Interrogatives

Asking questions about people with preposition + quién   

B1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation

Conjugate in El Imperativo with reflexive pronouns (affirmative commands)   

Using double pronouns with El Imperativo   

Conjugate irregular verb poder in El Futuro Simple (simple future)   

Conjugate irregular verb querer in El Futuro Simple (simple future)   

B1: Prepositions & Conjunctions

Using por (and not para) in exchange of something   

B1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation

Conjugate irregular verb hacer in El Futuro Simple (simple future)   

Conjugate irregular verb poner in El Futuro Simple (simple future)   

B1: Prepositions & Conjunctions

Using por (not para) to express medium   

B1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation

Conjugate irregular verbs caber and saber in El Futuro Simple (simple future)   

Conjugate valer in El Futuro Simple (simple future)   

B1: Questions & Interrogatives

Difference between dónde and donde (with and without a written accent)   

B1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation

Conjugate yo-go verbs in El Presente de Subjuntivo   

B1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures

Using ojalá + El Presente de Subjuntivo to express hope (present subjunctive)   

B1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation

Conjugate irregular verb venir in El Futuro Simple (simple future)   

B1: Pronouns

Position of pronouns with conjugated verbs    

Position of direct and indirect object pronouns with infinitive/gerund and affirmative commands   

B1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation

Conjugate regular verbs in El Condicional Simple (conditional)   

Conjugate hacer in El Condicional Simple (conditional)   

Conjugate tener in El Condicional Simple (conditional)   

B1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures

Mientras with El Presente de Indicative or El Presente de Subjuntivo   

B1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation

Conjugate poder in El Condicional Simple (conditional)   

Conjugate querer in El Condicional Simple (conditional)   

B1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures

Difference between saber and conocer (to know)   

B1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation

Conjugate poner in El Condicional Simple   

Conjugate decir in El Condicional Simple   

Conjugate salir in El Condicional Simple    

Conjugate valer in El Condicional Simple (conditional)   

Conjugate stem-changing -car verbs (c > qu) in El Presente de Subjuntivo (present subjunctive)   

Conjugate -gar verbs where g > gu in all forms in El Presente de Subjuntivo (present subjunctive)   

Verbs ending in -zar change z > c in all forms in El Presente de Subjuntivo (present subjunctive)   

Conjugate venir in El Condicional Simple (conditional)   

Using El Subjuntivo or El Indicativo after tal vez and quizás to express doubt   

Conjugate irregular estar in El Presente de Subjuntivo (present subjunctive)   

Conjugate irregular verb dar in El Presente de Subjuntivo (present subjunctive)   

Conjugate irregular verb saber in El Presente de Subjuntivo   

Conjugate e > i verbs in El Presente de Subjuntivo (present subjunctive)   

Conjugate -ar verbs with o > ue change in El Presente de Subjuntivo (present subjunctive)   

Conjugate -er verbs with o > ue change in El Presente de Subjuntivo (present subjunctive)   

Conjugate 1st and 2nd person plural verbs with vowel change o > u in El Presente de Subjuntivo   

Conjugate -ger and -gir verbs with g > j change in El Presente de Subjuntivo (present subjunctive)   

Using deber to say should   

Conjugate tener que (would have to) in El Condicional Simple   

Conjugate irregular -er verbs caber and saber in El Condicional Simple (conditional)   

B1: Prepositions & Conjunctions

Using por (and not para) to communicate price   

Using por (and not para) to express distribution or sharing   

B1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation

Conjugate irregular verb haber in El Futuro Simple (simple future)   

Conjugate haber in El Condicional Simple (conditional)   

B1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures

Using ser (not estar) + de to indicate ownership   

B1: Prepositions & Conjunctions

Using por (and not para) to talk about speed   

B1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures

Using estar (not ser) + de for a temporary job   

Using estar (not ser) + preposition a with fluctuating quantities and prices   

Using estar hecho de or ser de to indicate what something is made of   

B1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation

Some -zar verbs change z > c and e > ie in El Presente de Subjuntivo (present subjunctive)   

B1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures

Using ir in El Pretérito Imperfecto to express was/were going to [do something]   

Using el Preterito Indefinido combined with cuando + Preterito Imperfecto   

B1: Adjectives & Adverbs

Using the suffixes -ísimo, -ísima, -ísimos, -ísimas to say to say extremely/very   

B1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures

Forming passive sentences with "se" (la pasiva refleja)   

B1: Nouns & Articles

Using the diminutive suffix -cito, -cita, -citos and -citas with words ending in -e, -n, and -r   

B1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures

Si [if] followed by present indicative + main clause (present tense/future tense)   

Si [if] followed by present indicative + main clause [command/request/advise]   

B1: Nouns & Articles

Nouns ending in -aje are masculine   

B1: Pronouns

Reciprocal verbs in Spanish and position of the reflexive pronoun   

B1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures

Using dejar de + [infinitive] = to stop doing something/to give up something   

B1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation

Forming El Pretérito Indefinido progresivo with estar + gerundio (past progressive)   

B1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures

Using Hace + length of time + que + present tense to say how long one has done something for   

B1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation

Conjugate deber in El Condicional Simple (conditional)   

Conjugate c>zc verbs -cer/-cir in El presente de Subjuntivo (present subjunctive)   

Conjugate poder [o > ue change] in El Presente de Subjuntivo (present subjunctive)   

Conjugate stem changing -ar verbs (e > ie) in El Presente de Subjuntivo (present subjunctive)   

B1: Nouns & Articles

Gender of nouns ending in -ista and -crata   

B1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation

Conjugate stem-changing verb querer (e > ie) in El presente de Subjuntivo (present subjunctive)   

B1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures

Using the gerund to say by [doing something]   

Using Estar a punto de + [infinitive] = to be about to do something   

B1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation

Forming the imperative of tú/ vosotros/vosotras (negative commands)    

Forming the imperative for usted/ustedes/nosotros/nosotras (affirmative and negative commands)   

B1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures

Using acabar/terminar + [infinitive/gerund] = to end up doing something   

Using volver a + [infinitive] to express repetition of an action   

B1: Prepositions & Conjunctions

Difference between Sí and Si (with or without accent)   

B1: Questions & Interrogatives

Difference between cómo and como (with and without an accent)   

B1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation

Conjugate -ir verbs with e > ie change in El Presente de Subjuntivo (present subjunctive)   

B1: Prepositions & Conjunctions

Difference between qué and que (with and without an accent)   

B1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation

Conjugate (e > i) and (gu > g) verbs: seguir, conseguir, perseguir in El Presente de Subjuntivo (present subjunctive)   

B1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures

Using poder to say could [do something] for polite requests and suggestions (conditional simple)   

B1: Questions & Interrogatives

Using cuál/cuáles = which/what (interrogative pronouns)   

B1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures

Using se debe/n and se puede/n + infinitive to say you must / you can (passive)   

B1: Adjectives & Adverbs

Using junto, junta, juntos and juntas = together   

B1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures

Using El Imperfecto vs El indefinido (time markers)   

Había vs Hubo (Imperfect vs Preterite)   

Empezar/comenzar + a + [infinitivo] = to begin/start doing something   

B1: Questions & Interrogatives

Difference between cuándo and cuando (with and without an accent)   

B1: Nouns & Articles

Using neutral article Lo + adjective + ser in Spanish   

B1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures

Using the verb "tardar" = to take time   

B1: Adjectives & Adverbs

Past participles as adjectives   

B1: Questions & Interrogatives

Using qué before a noun in indirect questions   

B1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures

Using Cuánto + noun in exclamations about quantities   

B1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation

Conjugate haber in El Presente de Subjuntivo (present subjunctive)   

B1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures

Using gustar in El condicional = would like [to do something]   

B1: Pronouns

Repetition of indirect object pronouns with verbs like gustar   

B1: Negative Words & Constructions

Using ni... ni... for neither... nor...   

B1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures

Use Hace + length of time + que + El Indefinido to say how long ago something happened   

Quedar, Quedarse and Quedarle (Different meanings of verb quedar)   

B1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation

Forming El Pretérito Pluscuamperfecto Progresivo with estar + gerund (pluperfect progressive)   

B1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures

Using "menos" to say except   

B1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation

Conjugate ser in El Condicional Simple (conditional tense)   

Conjugate estar in El Condicional Simple (conditional tense)   

B1: Pronouns

Difference between quién and quien (with and without an accent)   

B1: Adjectives & Adverbs

Igual de ... que = as ... as (comparatives with adjectives and adverbs)   

B1: Prepositions & Conjunctions

Using debido a / debido a que for because of / due to   

B1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures

Using llevar + gerund to express duration of an action   

B1: Prepositions & Conjunctions

Difference between Más and Mas (with or without a written accent)   

Using así que/ por lo tanto (Adverbial result clauses)   

B1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures

Using "o sea/es decir" to clarify, explain and express a consequence   

B1: Prepositions & Conjunctions

When conjunction y becomes e    

Using por (and not para) to say "by" [whom/what]   

B2: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures

Using se debe/se puede to say You must/you can (impersonal sentences)   

Using the subjunctive with negative opinion phrases   

B2: Adjectives & Adverbs

Using cualquier/a to express any (indirect adjectives)   

B2: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation

Conjugate regular verbs in El Futuro Perfecto (future perfect)   

Conjugate irregular verbs in El Futuro Perfecto   

B2: Pronouns

Using preposition [except a and de] + el que, la que, los que, las que = with/for/on which (relative pronouns)   

B2: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation

Conjugate regular verbs in El Condicional Perfecto   

Conjugate irregular verbs in El Condicional Perfecto   

Deber in El Conditional Simple + haber + participle = should have   

B2: Pronouns

Using Cuánto + verb in exclamations about quantities   

B2: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation

Using adverbial clauses para que, antes (de) que, hasta que, con tal (de) que, etc. + El Presente de Subjuntivo (present subjunctive)   

Conjugate verbs in El Imperfecto de Subjuntivo   

Conjugate estar in El Imperfecto de Subjuntivo   

Conjugate tener in El Imperfecto de Subjuntivo   

B2: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures

Using El Imperfecto Subjuntivo in hypothetical clauses introduced by si followed by El Condicional Simple   

B2: Pronouns

Using [preposition] + lo que = with, for, on + what (relative pronouns)   

B2: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation

Conjugate regular -ar, -er and -ir verbs in El Pretérito Perfecto Subjuntivo (present perfect subjunctive)   

Conjugate hacer, escribir, poner and other irregular verbs in El Pretérito Perfecto Subjuntivo   

Conjugate haber in El Imperfecto de Subjuntivo   

Conjugate verbs in El Pretérito Pluscuamperfecto de Subjuntivo (pluperfect subjunctive)   

B2: Prepositions & Conjunctions

Using por (not para) to express "on behalf of"   

Using para (not por) to express unequal relations/surprising facts   

B2: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures

Using [verb] + tan + [adjective/adverb] + que to say "so... that..."   

Using [verb] + tanto/a/os/as + [noun]+ que = [verb] so much/many...that...   

Using gustar to express personal attraction   

B2: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation

Using the imperfect subjunctive after the conjunction como si   

B2: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures

Using demonstrative adjectives to refer to time (present, past and future)   

B2: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation

Forming the passive voice with ser + participle (+ por) (passive - simple tenses)   

B2: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures

Using conjunction al + infinitive/perfect infinitive = when doing/ because of doing [something]   

Using preposition a + infinitive to express a command   

Using verbs seguir/continuar + gerund = to keep on [doing something]   

Using the subjunctive with impersonal expressions   

Using the subjunctive to express doubt or uncertainty   

B2: Pronouns

Using preposition a and de + el que, la que, los que, las que = to/of/from/about which/who (relative pronouns)   

B2: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures

Using the subjunctive with verbs that express "wish" and "feeling"   

El Imperfecto progresivo vs El Indefinido progresivo (was +ing)   

B2: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation

Conjugate irregular verb jugar in El presente de Subjuntivo (present subjunctive)   

B2: Prepositions & Conjunctions

Use the infinitive after prepositions (not gerund)   

B2: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation

Conjugate -ger and -gir verbs with g > j and e > i change in El Presente de Subjuntivo (present subjunctive)   

B2: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures

Using que to introduce a warning or threat   

Using que to express cause   

Using poder to say could have [done something] (modal verbs)   

Using El Imperfecto vs El indefinido (general use)   

<i>Querer</i> (to want) changes meaning in El pretérito Indefinido and El pretérito Imperfecto   

Using poder in El pretérito Indefinido vs El pretérito Imperfecto (could in past actions)   

B2: Nouns & Articles

Feminine nouns starting with a stressed "a" take some masculine articles and quantifiers   

B2: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures

Quedarse + [gerund] = to do something continuously   

B2: Adjectives & Adverbs

Position of adjectives in Spanish   

B2: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures

Using convertirse en / ponerse / hacerse / quedarse to express "to become" (verbs of change)   

Using the subjunctive with impersonal expressions in the conditional (Sería+adjective+que)   

Using haber to say would have [done something]    

Using the gerund to say while [doing something]   

Impersonal sentences using the ellos form of the verb   

Aunque + El Presente vs El Presente de Subjuntivo   

Using El Preterito Perfecto de Subjuntivo after esperar que to express a completed action in the future   

Using the verb ser in El Imperfecto vs. El Indefinido   

Using the verb estar in El Imperfecto vs. El Indefinido   

Using the verb tener in El Imperfecto vs. El Indefinido   

B2: Prepositions & Conjunctions

Aunque + El Imperfecto de Subjuntivo   

B2: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures

Deber versus Deber de (obligation and assumption)   

B2: Adjectives & Adverbs

Difference between aún and aun (with and without a written accent)   

B2: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures

Using the "accidental" reflexive (se) with an indirect object pronoun    

Using Hacía + length of time + que + the imperfect tense to express duration in the past   

Using volverse to express to become/to turn (verbs of change)   

B2: Pronouns

Using algo de + noun to express some of/a bit of [something]   

Using Todo aquel que for "anyone who/whoever/those who" (demonstratives)   

B2: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures

Antes de/Después de followed by haber + participle   

B2: Adjectives & Adverbs

Using neutral article Lo + adverb/adjective + que + verb in Spanish   

B2: Pronouns

Repetition of indirect object pronouns with verbs (general)   

B2: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures

Using antes de que/después de que with indicative or subjunctive (adverbial clauses)   

Cuanto más/cuanto menos... for The more/The less...   

Using quisiera for I would like (alternative to querría)   

B2: Questions & Interrogatives

Difference between adónde/adonde/dónde/donde    

B2: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation

Querer que is always followed by El Subjuntivo (imperfect subjunctive)   

B2: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures

Using desde que / hasta que (since/until) with indicative and subjunctive (subordinate time clauses)   

B2: Prepositions & Conjunctions

Ya que/ Puesto que/ Porque/No porque followed by indicative/subjunctive (causal clauses)   

B2: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation

Cuando + indicative for past events (adverbial clauses)   

B2: Prepositions & Conjunctions

Mientras with past tenses in the indicative and subjunctive (subordinate time/conditional clauses)   

B2: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures

Para que followed by El Imperfecto de Subjuntivo (purpose subordinate clauses)   

Using haber + participle (perfect infinitive)   

B2: Adjectives & Adverbs

Using ya/ya no meaning now/already/finally/any longer   

B2: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures

Pedir followed by El Presente de Subjuntivo to ask someone to do something    

C1: Nouns & Articles

Ser + de lo más + adjective to emphasise a quality or defect of someone/something (neutral article)   

C1: Adjectives & Adverbs

Using dicho, dicha, dichos, dichas to say this/these (formal)   

C1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures

Using lo de que + conjugated verb / lo de + noun / infinitive / adverb to refer to something already mentioned.   

Using ir + [gerund] to emphasise the progression of an action   

Using modal verbs in the passive voice    

Using que at the beginning of a question to express disbelief (without a written accent)   

Using poner/poner(se) + a + infinitive = to start to carry out an action   

Using El Pluscuamperfecto Subjuntivo in hypothetical clauses (si) followed by El Condicional Perfecto/ El Pluscuamperfecto de Subjuntivo   

Using tener + participio to express the completion of an action   

C1: Nouns & Articles

Using el de/la de/los de/las de to specify what/who you are talking about   

Using infinitives as nouns with the definite article El   

C1: Prepositions & Conjunctions

Difference between porqué and por que (noun vs preposition + conjunction)   

C1: Pronouns

Using el que, la que, los que, las que = the one/ones who/that (relative pronouns)   

Using cuyo, cuya, cuyos, cuyas to say whose + noun (relative pronoun)   

C1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation

Forming the passive voice with ser + participle (Compound tenses - passive voice)   

Forming the passive voice with progressive tenses (passive voice)   

C1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures

Using andar + gerundio to express "going around" [doing something]   

Haber de + infinitive to express formal obligation or future action   

Using ser or no ser + mucho de/ muy de/ tanto de/ más de + infinitive    

Using El Presente to narrate past events   

C1: Negative Words & Constructions

Using negative conjunction ni/ni siquiera   

C1: Prepositions & Conjunctions

Using que + El Presente de Subjuntivo to express a wish/command   

Difference between por mí que and para mí que    

Con tal de que / Con tal de (subordinate purpose and conditional clause)   

De + infinitive (conditional clause)