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Progress with Lawless Spanish covers every conceivable grammar topic and rule across the Spanish language! This section contains some of the most popular lessons in our system.
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Popular lessons
A0: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Using me llamo [name] - to say your name
Using Soy de [city/country] to say where you are from
Tener [número] años = To be [number] years old
A0: Prepositions & Conjunctions
Using vivo en + [city/country/region] to say where you live
A0: Nouns & Articles
Using un, una to say a/an (singular indefinite articles)
A0: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Using hay = there is / there are
A0: Nouns & Articles
Using el or la to say the (singular definite articles)
Using los or las to say the (plural definite articles)
A0: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
How to say I have / you have (possession)
A0: Nouns & Articles
Don't use un, una when giving people's professions (zero article)
A0: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
How to say How are you? as a greeting
A0: Questions & Interrogatives
How to ask What is that? in Spanish using qué
A0: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
How to say I work/You work/What do you do? with the verb trabajar
A1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Conjugate ser in El Presente (present tense)
A1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Using the verb llamarse in El Presente to say what someone's name is (reflexive)
Using ser (not estar) to express an essential or permanent characteristic
A1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Conjugate estar in El Presente (present tense)
A1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Using estar (not ser) when talking about locations
A1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Conjugate regular -ar verbs in El Presente (present tense)
Conjugate regular -er verbs in El Presente (present tense)
Conjugate regular -ir verbs like vivir in El Presente (present tense)
A1: Nouns & Articles
Forming regular masculine and feminine nouns (singular and plural)
A1: Adjectives & Adverbs
Forming the singular masculine and feminine of regular adjectives
Forming regular plural masculine and feminine adjectives
A1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Conjugate ir in El Presente (present tense)
A1: Numbers, Time & Date
A1: Nouns & Articles
Contracted masculine singular articles: al and del
A1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Conjugate tener in El Presente (present tense)
A1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Using hace to talk about the weather
Using hay, está, or an impersonal verb to talk about the weather
A1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Conjugate hacer in El Presente
A1: Adjectives & Adverbs
Using muy versus mucho (intensifiers)
A1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Using gustar to say you like something
Using gustar + verb to say like [doing something]
A1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Conjugate preferir in El Presente (present tense)
Conjugate querer in El Presente (present tense)
Conjugate salir in El Presente (present tense)
A1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
A1: Adjectives & Adverbs
Using cada and todos/-as for "every" in time phrases (quantitative adjectives)
A1: Negative Words & Constructions
Forming negative sentences using no (negation)
A1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Conjugate stem-changing (e > ie) semi-regular -ar verbs in El Presente (present tense)
Conjugate semi-regular pensar in El Presente (present tense)
A1: Questions & Interrogatives
Forming questions with qué = what
A1: Nouns & Articles
Forming the plural of nouns ending in a consonant (except -z)
A1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Conjugate reflexive verbs in El Presente (present tense)
A1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Using A + la/las + [time] to express at what time something takes place
A1: Adjectives & Adverbs
Using este, esta, estos, estas to say this/these (demonstrative adjectives)
A1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Conjugate ir + a + infinitive = to be going to (near future)
Conjugate venir in El Presente (present tense)
A1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Expressing obligation with tener que
A1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Conjugate poder in El Presente (present tense)
A1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Using deber, poder, querer + infinitive to express must, can, to want to
A1: Adjectives & Adverbs
Forming regular adverbs ending in -mente
A1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Conjugate soler in El Presente (present tense)
Conjugate poner in El Presente (present tense)
Conjugate traer in El Presente (present tense)
A1: Adjectives & Adverbs
How to say my, your, his, her, its and their (masculine/feminine singular and plural)
A1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Using querría, quería and quisiera to politely say "I would like"
A1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Conjugate dar in El Presente (present tense)
Conjugate oler in El Presente (present tense)
Conjugate sentir in El Presente (present tense)
A1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Using doler to say that something hurts
A1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Conjugate entender in El Presente (present tense)
Conjugate leer in El Presente ( present tense)
Conjugate jugar in El Presente (present tense)
Conjugate decir and its derivatives in El Presente (present tense): predecir, bendecir, maldecir
Conjugate saber in El Presente (present tense)
A1: Adjectives & Adverbs
Forming the singular feminine of -s ending nationality and place of origin adjectives
Forming the plural of -s ending nationality and place of origin adjectives
A1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Conjugate oír in El Presente (present tense)
A1: Adjectives & Adverbs
Using cada + noun for each (quantitative adjectives)
A1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Conjugate semi-regular stem-changing (e > ie) -er verbs in El Presente (present tense)
Conjugate semi regular (e > i) verb pedir in El Presente (present tense)
Conjugate stem-changing (e > i) verbs: corregir and elegir in El Presente (present tense)
Conjugate stem-changing (e > i) verbs: seguir, conseguir, perseguir in El Presente (present tense)
A1: Prepositions & Conjunctions
Using para (and not por) for purpose, goal or objective
Using por (and not para) to express a part of the day
A1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Conjugate stem-changing -ar verbs (o > ue) in El Presente (present tense)
Conjugate stem-changing -er verbs (o > ue) in El Presente (present tense)
Conjugate -ir stem-changing verbs (o > ue) in El Presente (present tense)
Conjugate traducir and conducir in El Presente (present tense)
Conjugate haber in El Presente (present tense)
Conjugate stem-changing (e > ie) semi-regular -ir verbs in El Presente (present tense)
Conjugate stem-changing e > i verbs: competir, reir, servir in El Presente (present tense)
A1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Using ser (not estar) to say when / where something takes place
Using ser (not estar) to talk about time, days, dates and seasons
A1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Using El Presente to express general facts
A1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Using El Presente to talk about regular actions in the present
A1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Forming regular gerunds (-ing form)
Forming El Presente Progresivo with estar + gerund (present progressive)
Using El Presente Progresivo instead of El Presente (temporary vs permanent actions)
A1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Using ser (not estar) to introduce people
A1: Nouns & Articles
Gender and plural formation of nouns ending in -e
A1: Adjectives & Adverbs
Forming the singular feminine of adjectives ending -e and -a
Forming the plural of masculine and feminine adjectives ending in -e and -a
Using ese, esa, esos, esas to say that/those (demonstrative adjectives)
A1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Using necesitar in El Presente to express a need (to do something)
Using ser (not estar) to say what you do for a living
Using ser (not estar) to describe relationships
A1: Adjectives & Adverbs
Using más/menos for more/less/fewer as adjectives, pronouns and adverbs
A1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Conjugate deber in El Presente (present tense)
A1: Nouns & Articles
Using unos, unas + plural nouns to say some / a few (plural indefinite articles)
A1: Pronouns
Difference between tú and tu (you and your) (singular informal)
A1: Prepositions & Conjunctions
Using preposition de to express possession
A1: Nouns & Articles
Months of the year are masculine
Days of the week are masculine
Letters from the alphabet are feminine
A1: Adjectives & Adverbs
Forming the singular feminine of -e ending nationality and origin adjectives
Forming the plural of -e ending nationality and origin adjectives
A1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Using ser (not estar) to express origin or nationality
A1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Conjugate -ger and -gir verbs with g > j change in El Presente (present tense)
A1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Difference between hay and está
A1: Nouns & Articles
Using definite articles el, la, los, las with bodyparts and clothing (definite articles)
Forming the plural of nouns ending in -z
A1: Pronouns
Tú vs Usted (informal vs formal)
A1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
A1: Prepositions & Conjunctions
Using the preposition "de" with nouns for description
A2: Adjectives & Adverbs
Difference between este, ese and aquel (demonstrative adjectives)
Use [verb] más [adjective/noun] que / menos [adjective/noun] que = more...than / less... than (comparatives)
Using tan ... como = as ... as (comparatives with adjectives and adverbs)
Using tanto como with verbs and nouns to say as much/many ... as (comparatives)
A2: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Using estar (and not ser) to express relationship statuses
Using gustar to say you like something (he likes, she likes, we like, you like, they like)
A2: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Spanish present tense consonant change c > zc in -cer/-cir verbs
Conjugate recordar, acordar and acordarse o > ue stem changing -ar verbs in El Presente (present tense)
A2: Pronouns
Using lo, la, los, las = him, her, it, them (direct object pronouns)
How to say ours and yours plural (masculine/feminine singular and plural)
A2: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Conjugate regular -ar verbs in El Pretérito Indefinido (simple past)
Conjugate regular -er and -ir verbs in El Pretérito Indefinido (simple past)
A2: Pronouns
Using le and les = [to] it,him, her, them (indirect object pronouns)
Using me, te, le, nos, os, les (indirect object pronouns)
A2: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Using había to say there was / there were
A2: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Conjugate and recognise ir and ser in El Pretérito Indefinido (simple past)
Conjugate estar in El Pretérito Indefinido (simple past)
Conjugate hacer in El Pretérito Indefinido (simple past)
A2: Adjectives & Adverbs
Using demasiado, bastante, suficiente, poco, tanto and mucho to express quantity (quantitative adjectives)
A2: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Conjugate dar in El Pretérito Indefinido (simple past)
Conjugate ver in El Pretérito Indefinido (simple past)
Conjugate regular -ar verbs in El Pretérito Imperfecto (imperfect)
Conjugate regular -er and -ir verbs in El Pretérito Imperfecto (imperfect)
Conjugate huir and construir in El Presente (present tense)
Conjugate tener in El Pretérito Indefinido (simple past)
Conjugate irregular -er verbs in El Pretérito Indefinido: leer, creer and proveer (simple past)
A2: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Using hubo = there was / there were (simple past)
A2: Prepositions & Conjunctions
Using para (not por) for a deadline/time limit
A2: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Conjugate poder in El Pretérito Indefinido (simple past)
Conjugate irregular verbs ending in -car in El Pretérito Indefinido (simple past)
Conjugate irregular verbs ending in -gar in el Pretérito Indefinido (simple past)
Conjugate irregular verbs ending in -zar in el Pretérito Indefinido (simple past)
Conjugate irregular poner and its derivatives in El Pretérito Indefinido (simple past)
Conjugate irregular -ir verbs stem changing (e > i) in El Pretérito Indefinido (simple past)
Conjugate venir in El Pretérito Indefinido (simple past)
Conjugate andar in El Pretérito Indefinido (simple past)
Using El Preterito Indefinido for completed actions in the past
Conjugate querer in El Pretérito Indefinido (simple past)
Conjugate irregular decir and its derivatives in El Pretérito Indefinido (simple past)
A2: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Use "hace" for "ago" with El Pretérito Indefinido
A2: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Conjugate irregular verb oír in El Pretérito Indefinido (simple past)
A2: Prepositions & Conjunctions
Using para (not por) for a destination
A2: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Conjugate irregular verbs dormir and morir in Pretérito Indefinido (simple past)
Conjugate traer in El Pretérito Indefinido (simple past)
Conjugate irregular -ducir verbs in El Pretérito Indefinido: introducir, producir, traducir, conducir
Conjugate ser in El Pretérito Imperfecto (imperfect tense)
Conjugate ver in El Pretérito Imperfecto (imperfect tense)
Conjugate ir in El Pretérito Imperfecto (imperfect past)
Using El Pretérito Imperfecto to express habits or repeated actions in the past (imperfect tense)
Conjugate irregular -er verbs in El Pretérito Indefinido: caber, saber (simple past)
A2: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Expressing instructions and general statements with the impersonal se = one
A2: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Using El Preterito Imperfecto to describe a situation in the past
A2: Adjectives & Adverbs
Aquel, aquella, aquellos, aquellas = that/those [over there] (demonstrative adjectives)
A2: Pronouns
Using esto, este, esta, estos, estas to say "this", "this one" and "these ones" (demonstrative pronouns)
Using ese, esa, esos, esas, eso for that one, those ones and that (demonstrative pronouns)
Using aquel, aquella, aquellos, aquellas for that one (over there), those ones (over there) and that (over there) (demonstrative pronouns)
A2: Adjectives & Adverbs
Using aquí, ahí and allí = here and there
A2: Prepositions & Conjunctions
Using antes de /después de [noun/infinitive] for before/after [something/doing something]
A2: Pronouns
Using algo to say something or anything
A2: Adjectives & Adverbs
Using algún (a, as, os) to say some or any
A2: Pronouns
Using alguien to say someone or anyone
A2: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Regular verb hacer in El Pretérito Imperfecto
Regular verb tener in El Pretérito Imperfecto
Conjugate semi-regular verb pedir in El Pretérito Indefinido (simple past)
A2: Prepositions & Conjunctions
Using preposition con followed by a pronoun to say with me, you, him, her, us, you (plural), them
A2: Pronouns
Using nada to say nothing or not anything
A2: Adjectives & Adverbs
Using the negative ningún (a, os, as) = not any
A2: Pronouns
Using nadie to say no one, nobody and not anyone
A2: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Conjugate irregular verbs ending in -uir in El Pretérito Indefinido (simple past)
Forming the imperative of tú for most verbs (affirmative commands)
Forming the imperative of tú for all irregular verbs (irregular affirmative commands)
Forming the imperative of vosotros for all verbs (affirmative commands)
A2: Prepositions & Conjunctions
Using por (not para) to express the originating cause or reason
A2: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Conjugate regular -ar verbs in El Pretérito Perfecto (present perfect)
Conjugate regular -er, -ir verbs in El Pretérito Perfecto Compuesto (present perfect)
Irregular past participles ending in -to/-cho
A2: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Using El Preterito Perfecto (not El Pretérito Indefinido) to talk about experiences
Using todavía no with El Pretérito Perfecto = not yet (negative expression)
A2: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Using ya with El Pretérito Perfecto
A2: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Using desde (hace) with El Presente instead of El Pretérito Perfecto to express since/for
A2: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Conjugate ver in El Pretérito Perfecto (present perfect)
A2: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
When to use the perfect tense versus the simple past in European Spanish (Perfecto vs Indefinido)
A2: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Conjugate estar in El Pretérito Imperfecto (imperfect tense)
Forming irregular gerunds (-ing form)
Forming El Imperfecto Progresivo with estar + gerund (imperfect progressive)
Spanish present tense consonant change c>z in -cer/-cir verbs
A2: Prepositions & Conjunctions
Using por (not para) to express "through/along" (a place)
Using por (not para) to express approximate location
A2: Adjectives & Adverbs
Forming comparative adjectives mayor/menor/mejor/peor
A2: Prepositions & Conjunctions
Using para (not por) to express opinion
A2: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Using estar (not ser) when talking about feelings and emotions
How to say "to love something/doing something"
How to say "something bores/annoys/saddens you"
A2: Nouns & Articles
Nouns ending in -or are masculine
A2: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Using estar (not ser) when talking about physical condition of something, someone or a place
Using ser+preposition para (not estar) to indicate a recipient
A2: Prepositions & Conjunctions
Using para (not por) to express the recipient of an action
A2: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Using ser (not estar) with the preposition para, to indicate a purpose
A2: Adjectives & Adverbs
How to say our and your (masculine/feminine singular and plural)
Forming the singular of masculine and feminine adjectives ending in -z and -l
Forming the plural of masculine and feminine adjectives ending in -z and -l
Forming the singular and plural of adjectives ending in -án, ón, -or
A2: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Conjugate hacer in El Pretérito Perfecto (present perfect)
A2: Nouns & Articles
Gender of nouns ending in -umbre, -ión, -dad, -tad, -tis and -sis and their plural
Using the diminutive suffix -ito, -ita, -itos and -itas with words ending in -o/-a/-io/-ia
Using the diminutive suffix -illo, -cillo, -ecillo, -ececillo
A2: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Conjugate caber in El Presente (present tense)
A2: Prepositions & Conjunctions
Using the conjunction que to say that
A2: Adjectives & Adverbs
Ningún, ninguna + noun + verb = No [noun] + verb (negation)
Using demasiado, bastante, un poco, and muy for too, quite, a bit, and very (quantitative adverbs)
A2: Pronouns
Using demasiado, bastante, suficiente, poco, tanto and mucho to express quantity (quantitative pronouns)
A2: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Forming exclamatory sentences with qué [noun] or qué [adjective]
A2: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Conjugate soler in El Pretérito Imperfecto
A2: Pronouns
How to say mine, yours, his, hers, its and theirs (masculine, feminine, singular and plural pronouns)
A2: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Conjugate -cir verbs in El Pretérito Indefinido
A2: Adjectives & Adverbs
Using todo, toda, todos and todas to say all, every and the whole (indefinite adjectives)
A2: Pronouns
Using todo to say everything or all (of it) (indefinite pronoun)
A2: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Conjugate decir in El Pretérito Perfecto (present perfect)
A2: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Expressing obligation with hay que
A2: Negative Words & Constructions
Forming negative sentences using no (negation) with complex verbal structures
A2: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Using es bueno/malo or está bien/mal
A2: Questions & Interrogatives
Using cómo, dónde and cuándo in interrogative, exclamatory and indirect sentences
Difference between porque and por qué (because and why)
A2: Pronouns
Using alguno, alguna, algunos and algunas to say some, one or any (pronouns)
Using the negative ninguno, ninguna, ningunos and ningunas to say not any (indefinite pronoun)
A2: Prepositions & Conjunctions
Using prepositions a, para, por, de, en, sin, hacia followed by a pronoun
A2: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Conjugate deber in El Pretérito Imperfecto
A2: Adjectives & Adverbs
Using otro, otra, otros, otras to say another, other (indefinite adjectives)
A2: Pronouns
Using otro, otra, otros, otras to say another/another one, other, others (indefinite pronouns)
A2: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Conjugate poder in El Pretérito Imperfecto
Conjugate querer in El Pretérito Imperfecto
A2: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Acabar de + [infinitive] = to have just done / just did something
A2: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Conjugate poner and its derivatives in El Pretérito Perfecto (present perfect)
A2: Nouns & Articles
Using plural definite article + number + noun
Using unos, unas + number = about/approximately
A2: Pronouns
A2: Nouns & Articles
Gender and plural of nouns ending in -ma (greek origin)
Gender and plural of nouns ending in -esa, -triz, -ina, -isa
Some nouns ending in -o (shortened from a feminine noun) are feminine
A2: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Personal "a" verbs (ver, visitar, buscar, conocer)
A2: Adjectives & Adverbs
Más que/Menos que vs Más de/Menos de (More/Less than)
A2: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Using definite articles + mismo to say "the same"
A2: Prepositions & Conjunctions
Using porque, como and es que to express cause (subordinate causal clauses)
Difference between pero, sino and sino que (but)
A2: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
A2: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Conjugate ser in El Pretérito Perfecto Compuesto (present perfect)
A2: Questions & Interrogatives
Using Cuánto + noun to ask how much/how many (interrogative adjective)
A2: Prepositions & Conjunctions
Using para (and not por) to say who you work for
A2: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Using the infinitive (not the gerund) as the subject/object of the verb
A2: Numbers, Time & Date
Doing arithmetic (numbers, addition, subtraction, multiplication, division)
A2: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
How to use question tags: ¿no? ¿verdad?
A2: Prepositions & Conjunctions
Expressing duration with durante/por/no preposition
Using prepositions entre and según followed by a pronoun
A2: Numbers, Time & Date
Forming ordinal numbers (1st, 2nd, 10th...)
A2: Adjectives & Adverbs
Cada uno/a de [noun/pronoun] for each one of [something/someone]
A2: Numbers, Time & Date
Expressing large numbers: hundreds, thousands, millions and billions
A2: Prepositions & Conjunctions
Using desde/de/hasta/a for from/to
A2: Adjectives & Adverbs
Using varios/varias to say some (indefinite adjectives and pronouns)
A2: Nouns & Articles
Nouns that are plural in English but singular in Spanish, and vice versa
A2: Adjectives & Adverbs
Yo también/yo tampoco/a mí también/a mí tampoco for me too, me neither
Forming singular and plural of adjectives ending in -ar
How to say the most / the least + adjective (superlatives)
How to say the best/the worst/the oldest/the youngest (irregular superlatives)
B1: Pronouns
Que/ el cual/ la cual/ los cuales/ quien/ quienes = who, that, which (relative pronouns)
B1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Conjugate regular -ar, -er, and -ir verbs in El Pluscuamperfecto de Indicativo (pluperfect)
Conjugate hacer, escribir, ver, decir, poner in El Pretérito Pluscuamperfecto (pluperfect)
B1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Using El Pluscuamperfecto to indicate that a past action happens before another past action (pluperfect)
B1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Using ya with El Pretérito Pluscuamperfecto
B1: Pronouns
Pronouns le / les become se when used with lo, la, los, las (indirect with direct pronouns)
Using lo que = what, which, that which, the thing that (relative pronouns)
B1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Conjugate regular -ar verbs in El Presente de Subjuntivo (present subjunctive)
Conjugate regular -er and -ir verbs in El Presente de Subjuntivo (present subjunctive)
Conjugate irregular verb ir in El Presente de Subjuntivo.
Conjugate ser in El Presente de Subjuntivo (present subjunctive)
Querer que is always followed by El Subjuntivo (present subjunctive)
B1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Using esperar que + El Presente de Subjuntivo to express hope
B1: Adjectives & Adverbs
Bueno, malo, grande become buen, mal, gran before a noun (apócope)
Primero and tercero become primer and tercer before a noun (apócope)
B1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Conjugate regular -ar, -er and -ir verbs in El Futuro Simple (simple future)
Conjugate tener in El Futuro Simple (simple future)
Conjugate irregular verb decir in El Futuro Simple (simple future)
Conjugate irregular verb salir in El Futuro Simple (simple future)
B1: Negative Words & Constructions
Using nunca in negative sentences
B1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Cuando + El Presente de Subjuntivo vs Cuando + El Presente de Indicativo
Using El Futuro Simple (simple future) to express probabilities or predictions in the future
Using El Futuro Simple (simple future) for prediction, speculation and probability in the present
B1: Questions & Interrogatives
Asking questions about people with preposition + quién
B1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Conjugate in El Imperativo with reflexive pronouns (affirmative commands)
Using double pronouns with El Imperativo
Conjugate irregular verb poder in El Futuro Simple (simple future)
Conjugate irregular verb querer in El Futuro Simple (simple future)
B1: Prepositions & Conjunctions
Using por (and not para) in exchange of something
B1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Conjugate irregular verb hacer in El Futuro Simple (simple future)
Conjugate irregular verb poner in El Futuro Simple (simple future)
B1: Prepositions & Conjunctions
Using por (not para) to express medium
B1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Conjugate irregular verbs caber and saber in El Futuro Simple (simple future)
Conjugate valer in El Futuro Simple (simple future)
B1: Questions & Interrogatives
Difference between dónde and donde (with and without a written accent)
B1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Conjugate yo-go verbs in El Presente de Subjuntivo
B1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Using ojalá + El Presente de Subjuntivo to express hope (present subjunctive)
B1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Conjugate irregular verb venir in El Futuro Simple (simple future)
B1: Pronouns
Position of pronouns with conjugated verbs
Position of direct and indirect object pronouns with infinitive/gerund and affirmative commands
B1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Conjugate regular verbs in El Condicional Simple (conditional)
Conjugate hacer in El Condicional Simple (conditional)
Conjugate tener in El Condicional Simple (conditional)
B1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Mientras with El Presente de Indicative or El Presente de Subjuntivo
B1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Conjugate poder in El Condicional Simple (conditional)
Conjugate querer in El Condicional Simple (conditional)
B1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Difference between saber and conocer (to know)
B1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Conjugate poner in El Condicional Simple
Conjugate decir in El Condicional Simple
Conjugate salir in El Condicional Simple
Conjugate valer in El Condicional Simple (conditional)
Conjugate stem-changing -car verbs (c > qu) in El Presente de Subjuntivo (present subjunctive)
Conjugate -gar verbs where g > gu in all forms in El Presente de Subjuntivo (present subjunctive)
Verbs ending in -zar change z > c in all forms in El Presente de Subjuntivo (present subjunctive)
Conjugate venir in El Condicional Simple (conditional)
Using El Subjuntivo or El Indicativo after tal vez and quizás to express doubt
Conjugate irregular estar in El Presente de Subjuntivo (present subjunctive)
Conjugate irregular verb dar in El Presente de Subjuntivo (present subjunctive)
Conjugate irregular verb saber in El Presente de Subjuntivo
Conjugate e > i verbs in El Presente de Subjuntivo (present subjunctive)
Conjugate -ar verbs with o > ue change in El Presente de Subjuntivo (present subjunctive)
Conjugate -er verbs with o > ue change in El Presente de Subjuntivo (present subjunctive)
Conjugate 1st and 2nd person plural verbs with vowel change o > u in El Presente de Subjuntivo
Conjugate -ger and -gir verbs with g > j change in El Presente de Subjuntivo (present subjunctive)
Conjugate tener que (would have to) in El Condicional Simple
Conjugate irregular -er verbs caber and saber in El Condicional Simple (conditional)
Spanish -uir verbs in El Presente de Subjuntivo (present subjunctive)
B1: Prepositions & Conjunctions
Using por (and not para) to communicate price
Using por (and not para) to express distribution or sharing
B1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Conjugate irregular verb haber in El Futuro Simple (simple future)
Conjugate haber in El Condicional Simple (conditional)
B1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Using ser (not estar) + de to indicate ownership
B1: Prepositions & Conjunctions
Using por (and not para) to talk about speed
Using para (and not por) for precise time location
B1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Using estar (not ser) + de for a temporary job
Using estar (not ser) + preposition a with fluctuating quantities and prices
Using estar hecho de or ser de to indicate what something is made of
B1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Some -zar verbs change z > c and e > ie in El Presente de Subjuntivo (present subjunctive)
B1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Using ir in El Pretérito Imperfecto to express was/were going to [do something]
Using el Preterito Indefinido combined with cuando + Preterito Imperfecto
B1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Using El Pretérito Pluscuamperfecto with aún no/todavía no
B1: Adjectives & Adverbs
Using the suffixes -ísimo, -ísima, -ísimos, -ísimas to say to say extremely/very
How to say "extremely/really" with adjectives ending in -co, -go, -ble and -z
B1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Using El Presente in order to refer to a future action (only future time indications)
Forming passive sentences with "se" (la pasiva refleja)
B1: Nouns & Articles
Using the diminutive suffix -cito, -cita, -citos and -citas with words ending in -e, -n, and -r
B1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Si [if] followed by present indicative + main clause (present tense/future tense)
Si [if] followed by present indicative + main clause [command/request/advise]
B1: Nouns & Articles
Nouns ending in -aje are masculine
B1: Pronouns
Reciprocal verbs in Spanish and position of the reflexive pronoun
B1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Using dejar de + [infinitive] = to stop doing something/to give up something
B1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Forming El Pretérito Indefinido progresivo with estar + gerundio (past progressive)
B1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Using Hace + length of time + que + present tense to say how long one has done something
B1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Conjugate deber in El Condicional Simple (conditional)
Conjugate c>zc verbs -cer/-cir in El presente de Subjuntivo (present subjunctive)
Conjugate poder [o > ue change] in El Presente de Subjuntivo (present subjunctive)
Conjugate stem changing -ar verbs (e > ie) in El Presente de Subjuntivo (present subjunctive)
B1: Nouns & Articles
Gender of nouns ending in -ista and -crata
B1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Conjugate stem changing -er verbs (e > ie) in El Presente de Subjuntivo (present subjunctive)
Conjugate stem-changing verb querer (e > ie) in El presente de Subjuntivo (present subjunctive)
B1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Using the gerund to say by [doing something]
Using Estar a punto de + [infinitive] = to be about to do something
B1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Forming the imperative of tú/ vosotros/vosotras (negative commands)
Forming the imperative for usted/ustedes/nosotros/nosotras (affirmative and negative commands)
B1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Using acabar/terminar + [infinitive/gerund] = to end up doing something
Using volver a + [infinitive] to express repetition of an action
B1: Prepositions & Conjunctions
Difference between Sí and Si (with or without accent)
B1: Questions & Interrogatives
Difference between cómo and como (with and without an accent)
B1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Conjugate -ir verbs with e > ie change in El Presente de Subjuntivo (present subjunctive)
B1: Prepositions & Conjunctions
Difference between qué and que (with and without an accent)
B1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Conjugate (e > i) and (gu > g) verbs: seguir, conseguir, perseguir in El Presente de Subjuntivo (present subjunctive)
B1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Using poder to say could [do something] for polite requests and suggestions (conditional simple)
B1: Nouns & Articles
Some nouns have both genders without a change of meaning
B1: Questions & Interrogatives
Using cuál/cuáles = which/what (interrogative pronouns)
B1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Using se debe/n and se puede/n + infinitive to say you must / you can (passive)
B1: Adjectives & Adverbs
Using junto, junta, juntos and juntas = together
B1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Using El Imperfecto vs El indefinido (time markers)
Había vs Hubo (Imperfect vs Preterite)
Empezar/comenzar + a + [infinitivo] = to begin/start doing something
B1: Questions & Interrogatives
Difference between cuándo and cuando (with and without an accent)
B1: Nouns & Articles
Using neutral article Lo + adjective + ser in Spanish
B1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Using the verb "tardar" = to take time
B1: Adjectives & Adverbs
Past participles as adjectives
B1: Questions & Interrogatives
Using qué before a noun in indirect questions
B1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Using Cuánto + noun in exclamations about quantities
B1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Conjugate haber in El Presente de Subjuntivo (present subjunctive)
B1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Using gustar in El condicional = would like [to do something]
B1: Pronouns
Repetition of indirect object pronouns with verbs like gustar
B1: Negative Words & Constructions
Using ni... ni... for neither... nor...
B1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Use Hace + length of time + que + El Indefinido to say how long ago something happened
Quedar, Quedarse and Quedarle (Different meanings of verb quedar)
B1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Forming El Pretérito Perfecto Progresivo with estar + gerund (present perfect progressive)
Forming El Pretérito Pluscuamperfecto Progresivo with estar + gerund (pluperfect progressive)
B1: Adjectives & Adverbs
Difference between "poco" and "un poco"
B1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Use El Futuro Próximo (not El Presente Progresivo) for future arrangements
B1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Conjugate ser in El Condicional Simple (conditional tense)
Conjugate estar in El Condicional Simple (conditional tense)
B1: Pronouns
Difference between quién and quien (with and without an accent)
B1: Adjectives & Adverbs
Igual de ... que = as ... as (comparatives with adjectives and adverbs)
B1: Prepositions & Conjunctions
Using debido a / debido a que for because of / due to
B1: Numbers, Time & Date
Expressing fractions in Spanish
B1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Using llevar + gerund to express duration of an action
B1: Prepositions & Conjunctions
Difference between Más and Mas (with or without a written accent)
B1: Nouns & Articles
Presence of the definite articles el/la/los/las
B1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Use estar to talk about dates, days of the week and seasons (colloquial)
B1: Prepositions & Conjunctions
Using así que/ por lo tanto (subordinate result clauses)
B1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Using "o sea/es decir" to clarify, explain and express a consequence
B1: Prepositions & Conjunctions
When the conjunction y becomes e
When the conjunction o becomes u
Using por (and not para) to say "by" [whom/what]
B1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Forming exclamatory sentences with qué + noun + más/tan + adjective
B1: Adjectives & Adverbs
Using unos cuantos/unas cuantas + noun (quantitative adjectives)
B1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
How to say "to be looking forward" with tener ganas and estar deseando
Using El Condicional to express hypothesis/wish/suggestion in the present or future
Using terminar de+ [infinitive] = to finish doing something
B1: Nouns & Articles
Gender of nouns ending in -ez/-eza in Spanish
B1: Prepositions & Conjunctions
Using mientras que/en cambio for comparison/contrast
B1: Pronouns
Costar vs Costar a alguien algo
B2: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Using se debe/se puede to say You must/you can (impersonal sentences)
Using the subjunctive with negative opinion phrases
B2: Adjectives & Adverbs
Using cualquier/a to express any (indirect adjectives)
B2: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Conjugate regular verbs in El Futuro Perfecto (future perfect)
Conjugate irregular verbs in El Futuro Perfecto
B2: Pronouns
Using preposition [except a and de] + el que, la que, los que, las que = with/for/on which (relative pronouns)
B2: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Conjugate regular verbs in El Condicional Perfecto
Conjugate irregular verbs in El Condicional Perfecto
Deber in El Conditional Simple + haber + participle = should have
B2: Pronouns
Using Cuánto + verb in exclamations about quantities
B2: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Using adverbial clauses para que, antes (de) que, hasta que, con tal (de) que, etc. + El Presente de Subjuntivo (present subjunctive)
Conjugate verbs in El Imperfecto de Subjuntivo
Conjugate estar in El Imperfecto de Subjuntivo
Conjugate tener in El Imperfecto de Subjuntivo
B2: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Using El Imperfecto Subjuntivo in hypothetical clauses introduced by si followed by El Condicional Simple
B2: Pronouns
Using [preposition] + lo que = with, for, on + what (relative pronouns)
B2: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Conjugate regular -ar, -er and -ir verbs in El Pretérito Perfecto Subjuntivo (present perfect subjunctive)
Conjugate hacer, escribir, poner and other irregular verbs in El Pretérito Perfecto Subjuntivo
B2: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Using El Preterito Perfecto de Subjuntivo after esperar que to express a completed action in the past
B2: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Conjugate haber in El Imperfecto de Subjuntivo
Conjugate verbs in El Pretérito Pluscuamperfecto de Subjuntivo (pluperfect subjunctive)
B2: Prepositions & Conjunctions
Using por (not para) to express "on behalf of"
Using para (not por) to express unequal relations/surprising facts
B2: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Using [verb] + tan + [adjective/adverb] + que to say "so... that..."
Using [verb] + tanto/a/os/as + [noun]+ que = [verb] so much/many...that...
Using gustar to express personal attraction
B2: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Using the imperfect subjunctive after the conjunction como si (subordinate manner clauses)
B2: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Using demonstrative adjectives to refer to time (present, past and future)
B2: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Forming the passive voice with ser + participle (+ por) (passive - simple tenses)
B2: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Using conjunction al + infinitive/perfect infinitive = when doing/ because of doing [something]
Using preposition a + infinitive to express a command
Using verbs seguir/continuar + gerund = to keep on [doing something]
Using the subjunctive with impersonal expressions
Using the subjunctive to express doubt or uncertainty
B2: Pronouns
Using preposition a and de + el que, la que, los que, las que = to/of/from/about which/who (relative pronouns)
B2: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Using the subjunctive with verbs that express "wish" and "feeling"
B2: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Conjugate c>z -cer/-cir verbs in El Presente de Subjuntivo (present subjunctive)
B2: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
El Imperfecto progresivo vs El Indefinido progresivo (was +ing)
B2: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Conjugate irregular verb jugar in El presente de Subjuntivo (present subjunctive)
Conjugate o > ue and z >c change verbs in El Presente de Subjuntivo (present subjunctive)
B2: Prepositions & Conjunctions
Use the infinitive after prepositions (not gerund)
B2: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Conjugate -ger and -gir verbs with g > j and e > i change in El Presente de Subjuntivo (present subjunctive)
B2: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Using que to introduce a warning or threat
Using poder to say could have [done something] (modal verbs)
Using El Imperfecto vs El indefinido (general use)
Using querer in El pretérito Indefinido vs El pretérito Imperfecto
Using poder in El pretérito Indefinido vs El pretérito Imperfecto (could in past actions)
B2: Nouns & Articles
Feminine nouns starting with a stressed "a" sometimes use masculine articles and quantifiers
B2: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Quedarse + [gerund] = to do something continuously
B2: Adjectives & Adverbs
Position of adjectives in Spanish
B2: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Using convertirse en / ponerse / hacerse / quedarse to express "to become" (verbs of change)
Using the subjunctive with impersonal expressions in the conditional (Sería+adjective+que)
Using haber to say would have [done something]
Using poder in El pretérito Perfecto and El Pretérito Indefinido for "could" in past actions
Using the gerund to say while [doing something]
Impersonal sentences using the ellos form of the verb
Aunque + El Presente vs El Presente de Subjuntivo
B2: Pronouns
Repetition of direct object pronouns
B2: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Using El Preterito Perfecto de Subjuntivo after esperar que to express a completed action in the future
Using Qué poco/s + verb/noun to express surprise about a small quantity or infrequency
Using the verb ser in El Imperfecto vs. El Indefinido
Using the verb estar in El Imperfecto vs. El Indefinido
Using the verb tener in El Imperfecto vs. El Indefinido
B2: Prepositions & Conjunctions
Aunque + El Imperfecto de Subjuntivo
B2: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Deber versus Deber de (obligation and assumption)
B2: Adjectives & Adverbs
Difference between aún and aun (with and without a written accent)
B2: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Using the "accidental" reflexive (se) with an indirect object pronoun
Using Hacía + length of time + que + the imperfect tense to express duration in the past
Using volverse to express to become/to turn (verbs of change)
B2: Pronouns
Using algo de + noun to express some of/a bit of [something]
Using Todo aquel que for "anyone who/whoever/those who" (demonstratives)
B2: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Antes de/Después de followed by haber + participle
B2: Adjectives & Adverbs
Using neutral article Lo + adverb/adjective + que + verb in Spanish
B2: Pronouns
Repetition of indirect object pronouns with verbs (general)
B2: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Using antes de que/después de que with indicative or subjunctive (subordinate time clauses)
Cuanto más/cuanto menos... for The more/The less...
Using quisiera for I would like (alternative to querría)
B2: Questions & Interrogatives
Difference between adónde/adonde/dónde/donde
B2: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Querer que is always followed by El Subjuntivo (imperfect subjunctive)
B2: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Using El Subjuntivo after puede que to express possibility
Using desde que / hasta que (since/until) with indicative and subjunctive (subordinate time clauses)
B2: Prepositions & Conjunctions
Ya que/ Puesto que/ Porque/No porque followed by indicative/subjunctive (subordinate causal clauses)
B2: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Cuando + indicative for past events (subordinate time clauses)
B2: Prepositions & Conjunctions
Mientras with past tenses in the indicative and subjunctive (subordinate time/conditional clauses)
B2: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Para que followed by El Imperfecto de Subjuntivo (purpose subordinate clauses)
B2: Pronouns
Relative clauses with the indicative and the subjunctive (subordinate relative clauses)
B2: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Using the infinitive to express a request/command/give instructions
Using haber + participle (perfect infinitive)
B2: Adjectives & Adverbs
Using ya/ya no meaning now/already/finally/any longer
B2: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Using El Futuro Perfecto to talk about the past (future perfect)
Using El Futuro Perfecto to talk about completed actions in the future with reference to another future action (future perfect)
Pedir followed by El Presente de Subjuntivo to ask someone to do something
Pedir followed by El Imperfecto de Subjuntivo to ask someone to do something
How to say "must have [done something] with the verb deber
B2: Prepositions & Conjunctions
Si [if] followed by past tenses in the indicative
B2: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Some adjectives change meaning when used with ser or estar
B2: Pronouns
Ello versus eso (it/that): pronouns
B2: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Para que followed by El Presente de Subjuntivo (purpose subordinate clauses)
Impersonal statements followed by the infinitive or by the subjunctive with que
How to use olvidar/olvidarse for "to forget" (pronominal verbs/accidental se)
Using El Condicional to talk about a future in the past
B2: Prepositions & Conjunctions
Sin/sin que + infinitive/subjuntive (subordinate manner clause)
B2: Pronouns
Dormir vs Dormirse (pronominal verbs)
Animar vs Animarse (pronominal verbs)
Position of reflexive and direct object pronouns with infinitive/gerund and affirmative commands
Acordar vs Acordarse (pronominal verbs)
C1: Nouns & Articles
Ser + de lo más + adjective to emphasise a quality or defect of someone/something (neutral article)
C1: Adjectives & Adverbs
Using dicho, dicha, dichos, dichas to say this/these (formal)
C1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Using ir + [gerund] to emphasise the progression of an action
Using lo de que + conjugated verb / lo de + noun / infinitive / adverb to refer to something already mentioned
Using modal verbs in the passive voice
Using poner/poner(se) + a + infinitive = to start to carry out an action
Using que at the beginning of a question to express disbelief (without a written accent)
Using tener + participio to express the completion of an action
Using El Presente to order, advise or make a request
Using El Pluscuamperfecto Subjuntivo in hypothetical clauses (si) followed by El Condicional Perfecto/ El Pluscuamperfecto de Subjuntivo
C1: Nouns & Articles
Using infinitives as nouns with the definite article El
Using el de/la de/los de/las de to specify what/who you are talking about
C1: Prepositions & Conjunctions
Difference between porqué and por que (noun vs preposition + conjunction)
C1: Pronouns
Using cuyo, cuya, cuyos, cuyas to say whose + noun (relative pronoun)
Using el que, la que, los que, las que = the one/ones who/that (relative pronouns)
C1: Verbs Tenses & Conjugation
Forming the passive voice with progressive tenses (passive voice)
Forming the passive voice with ser + participle (Compound tenses - passive voice)
C1: Idioms, Idiomatic Usage, and Structures
Tal como/cual = Just as... (subordinate manner clauses)
Using ¿a que...? to seek confirmation/ to threat/ to predict
Using llevar + participio to express the completion of an action so far
Using ser or no ser + mucho de/ muy de/ tanto de/ más de + infinitive
Haber de + infinitive to express formal obligation or future action
Using con lo cual / por lo cual to mean therefore (connectives)
Using El Presente to narrate past events
Using andar + gerundio to express "going around" [doing something]
Tocar + infinitive for "it is time for someone to do something"
Using gustar de [algo/hacer algo] to express likes formally
Using El Pretérito Imperfecto to refer to a present action/future action
Using El Condicional/El Futuro Simple to narrate past actions
Estar para + infinitive to say someone/something is ready for something
Cuando + El Imperfecto de Subjuntivo (When + the imperfect subjunctive)
Using con lo que + indicativo for despite
C1: Negative Words & Constructions
Using negative conjunction ni/ni siquiera
C1: Prepositions & Conjunctions
Con tal de que / Con tal de (subordinate purpose and conditional clause)
Using que + El Presente de Subjuntivo to express a wish/command
Using conque to express therefore/so
Difference between por mí que and para mí que
Using the pluperfect subjunctive after the conjunction como si (subordinate manner clauses)
Using como as "if" (subordinate conditional clause)
De + infinitive (subordinate conditional clause)
Using "por si/por si acaso" for "in case" (subordinate conditional clause)
C1: Pronouns
Aprovechar vs Aprovecharse (pronominal verbs)
Encontrar vs Encontrarse (pronominal verbs)
No sé vs No lo sé = I don't know
Hay/tengo/quiero vs lo hay/lo tengo/lo quiero (presence/absence of the direct object pronoun)
