Practice your Spanish writing skills with our vast selection of Spanish writing challenges organised by CEFR level. Test your writing skills with interactive Spanish exercises that include translations and free grammar and vocabulary lessons related to the subject.
All those marked free are free for registered users; the rest are available with any of our Premium Progress with Lawless Spanish plans.
Jump to: A0 | A1 | A2 | B1 | B2 | C1
A1: Beginner Spanish writing exercises
- My name is Lola (female version) Free
Lola introduces herself and says a little about who she is and what she does. - My daily routine
Practise reflexive verbs and some time expressions while learning about María's daily routine. - I hate the rain!
Practise stem-changing, yo-go and modal verbs in the present tense. - My neighbourhood
Discover what Maite thinks of her neighbourhood while practicing stem-changing verbs and vocabulary for sports and activities. - Summer food and drinks
Practise asking questions, expressing preferences, gender agreement and some useful basic food vocabulary. - My name is Danny (male version) Free
Danny introduces himself and says a little about who he is and what he does. - A love story
Marta and Andrew meet in a bar... - Shopping for dinner
Practise El Presente, the verb "gustar" and adjectives describing food. - Visiting Madrid
Let Ana tell you about her plans while you practise El Futuro Próximo. - At El Corte Inglés
Practise El Presente and the gender and number of nouns and adjectives. - Halloween night
La noche de Halloween (A1) In this exercise you'll practise dates; El Presente of regular, stem-changing and irregular verbs; and the gender and number of regular nouns. - Miguel's family
Practise El Presente, possessive adjectives and physical description adjectives. - A perfect day in Granada
Practise El Presente, "ser" and "estar" verbs, the gender of nouns and adjectival agreement. - My dog Toby
Practise the basics of El Presente, possessive adjectives, and the gender and number of nouns and adjectives. - Festival of The Flowers in Colombia
Learn about this colourful Colombian festival which, despite its name, is best likened to a carnival with a plethora of exhibitions, activities and events taking place all over the city of Medellín. - I like playing the tambourine
Learn about the most famous Spanish musical instrument during Christmas as you practise El Presente, quantifiers like "muy", and the gender and number of adjectives and nouns. - At the science lab
Practise El Presente, El Presente Progresivo and the pluralisation of nouns and adjectives. - Instagram
Sonia describes how useful Instagram is for her. In this exercise you'll practise El Presente, the preposition "para", the gender and number of nouns and adjectives. - Foreign languages at work
Susana tells us about the importance of knowing languages at work. In this exercise you'll practise El Presente, time expressions of frequency and the connectives "y", "pero" and "también". - A hotel booking
Borja is going to spend a week in Barcelona and tells us about the hotel that he is going to book. In this exercise you'll practise El Presente, El Futuro Próximo and the causal connector "porque". - The weather forecast
Practise weather expressions, El Presente and El Presente Progresivo. - The oldest man in the world
Learn about the oldest man in the world. In this exercise you'll practise El Presente, verb "gustar" and gender & number of nouns. - Theatrical courtyards
Learn about 16th and 17th-century theatrical courtyards while practising El Presente, "qué", agreement of nouns and adjectives, and "para". - Buenos Aires International Book Fair
Learn about this cultural event in Buenos Aires. - Getting to the airport
Julio needs to go to the airport and explains how to get there. - I have a tiger at home
Ramiro introduces us his particular pet. - An exotic flower
Learn about this Argentinian flower. - I am a volunteer
Gabriel tells us about his volunteering work. - What clothes are you wearing?
María describes how she is going to dress for a job interview. - Fuenteovejuna
Learn about this Spanish play by Lope de Vega. - I like going to the beach
Learn about Ana's favourite summer hobby. - I am Gemini
Clara is Gemini and tells us about her personality. - Surfing in Mundaka
Learn about Felipe's favourite summer sport. - My mother has an unusual mobile phone
Lucía tells us about her mother's mobile phone. - A trip to the Sierra de Atapuerca
Pedro and Miguel are visiting Atapuerca tomorrow. - Mateo
Learn about how Mateo uses his imagination to play. - I am a barista
Antonio tells us about his job in a coffee shop. - Frida Kahlo
Marcos is going to a Frida Kahlo exhibition. - A business meeting
Noelia tells us about her business meeting. - Sandboarding
Raúl tells us about his favourite extreme sport. - I shop in Mercadona!
Learn about this famous Spanish supermarket. - Gym challenge (A1)
Federico is taking a challenge in order to raise money for children. - My business (A1)
Learn about Melisa's business. - Superlopez (A1)
Learn about this famous Spanish superhero. - I like Halloween! (A1)
Soraya tells us about what she is going to do for Halloween. - Dreaming (A1)
Do you enjoy dreaming? - Lito (A1)
Although Lito is a deaf child, he is studying very hard to have a good job in the future. - I like the internet (A1)
Daniel likes surfing on the net everyday. - My best friend Juan (A1)
Almudena introduces us to her best friend Juan. - At the opera (A1)
Ana plans to go to the opera tonight. - My favourite Christmas carol (A1)
David likes Christmas carols but he loves one in particular. - Celebrating a new year (A1)
Juan tells us his plans for New Year's Eve. - A ticket for Malaga, please! (A1)
César wants to get a train ticket to travel to Malaga. - Every night in winter I have hot soup (A1)
Are you able to appreciate a warm winter soup? - Studying Spanish in Argentina (A1)
Gabriel's dream is to become a language teacher. - I want to have a pig! (A1)
Discover what present Jenifer wants to get for her birthday. - My Carnival Costume (A1)
Arturo tells us about his Carnival costume. - Bank of Spain (A1)
Learn about Bank of Spain. - Calva (A1)
Learn about calva, a traditional Spanish game. - Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela (A1)
John would like to visit the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela. - The Camino de Santiago (A1)
Ramiro plans to do the Camino de Santiago. A2: Lower Intermediate Spanish writing exercises
- Weekend in Barcelona Free
Practise El Pretérito Indefinido (simple past), El Pretérito Imperfecto (imperfect) and some time expressions. - Learning the guitar
Practise El Presente Progresivo and conjunctions like "because". - Don Quixote of La Mancha
Learn about the most famous Spanish novel and practise El Pretérito Indefinido (the simple past). - At the restaurant
Practise El Presente, El Futuro Próximo, direct object pronouns and quantifiers with food and drink vocabulary. - At the circus
Practise El Pretérito Imperfecto (imperfect tense) and El Pretérito Indefinido (simple past). - My zumba instructor
Practise El Presente, possessive adjectives, coordinating and subordinating conjunctions. - Trick or treat!
Practise reflexive verbs, the negation with complex verbal structures, indirect pronouns and some usages of the preposition "por". - Why are Spanish schedules so different?
Practise El Presente (present), El Pretérito Imperfecto and Pretérito Indefinido (simple past) with conjunctions and adverbs. - Who is Alejandro Amenábar?
Learn about this famous Spanish director while practising El Pretérito Indefinido, superlatives, El Imperativo and indefinite adjectives. - Thanksgiving Day
Practise El Pretérito Indefinido, El Pretérito Imperfecto and direct object pronouns. - The Spanish Christmas Lottery
Learn about the Spanish Christmas Lottery known as El Gordo while practising El Pretérito Perfecto, "already/yet", indefinite and quantitative adjectives, comparatives and El Imperativo. - Marzipan recipe
Learn how to prepare marzipan while practicing El Imperativo and the position of pronouns. - Laughter therapy
Practise quantitative adjectives, comparatives, pluralisation of nouns ending in "-dad, and the difference between demonstrative adjectives. - Mus card game Free
Learn about the most famous Spanish game card as you practise the gender of nouns with a different ending from -o/a, forming singular and plural of adjectives ending in -ar, and how to say "some" and "more than". - Soulmates
Elena seems to have recently found her soulmate! Practise El Pretérito Imperfecto, El Pretérito Indefinido, indefinite adjectives, demonstrative adjectives/pronouns and before / until. - My work experience
Maribel finished her work experience a couple of weeks ago and tells us how it went. In this exercise you'll practise El Pretérito Imperfecto, El Pretérito Indefinido and the comparative "as ... as". - Francisco de Goya
In this exercise you'll practise El Pretérito Imperfecto, El Pretérito Indefinido and the gender of nouns ending by -or, -ista and -dad. - At the train station
Join Clara and her friend Isabel who travel to Zaragoza by train every weekend. - Mediterranean climate
Mercedes tells us about the Mediterranean climate in southern Spain. In this exercise you'll practise El Presente, El Pretérito perfecto, El Pretérito Imperfecto and El Pretérito Indefinido. - An unusual taxi ride
Juan tells us about his strange experience in a taxi. In this exercise you'll practise El Pretérito Imperfecto and El Pretérito Indefinido. - Problems at the hotel
Practise El Pretérito Indefinido, El Pretérito Imperfecto and the position of pronouns. - Canoeing along the Amazon River
Learn about this adventurous man who crossed the Amazon River in a canoe. In this exercise you'll practise El Pretérito Perfecto, El Pretérito Indefinido and exclamative sentences with "qué". - Easter cake
Mariela loves eating Easter cakes! - Superbike
Two friends have been to a superbike event. - Where is the market?
Macarena needs to find the market in order to buy groceries for her mother. - Orchids at home
Sandra received two beautiful orchids for her birthday. - Volunteering in a nursing home
Nicolás and Mateo tell us about their work experience with elderly people. - Fashion influencers
Learn about fashion influencers in social media. - Drought
Lucas tells us about drought in his town. - A very healthy barbecue
Discover Pedro and Maribel's recipes for their barbecue. - Online videogames
Learn about the benefits of playing video games. - Water-skiing in Gerona
María tells us about her water-skiing experience. - Tartalo
Learn about Tartalo, a famous cyclops from the Basque Country. - Colours for the kitchen
Learn about how to use some colours in the kitchen. - Aztec culture
Learn about the Aztec culture. - A weekend in Sierra Nevada
Mercedes tells us about her weekend in Sierra Nevada in the south of Spain. - I am an entrepreneur!
Learn about Sara's company - Diego Velázquez
Learn about Miguel's favourite painter, Diego Velázquez. - Tea addicts
Ester and Sandra tell us about their favourite drink. - I love Colacao!
Learn about this famous Spanish brand. - David Rees: Pencil sharpener (A2)
Learn about this very unusual business. - Casa Madero (A2)
Learn about Casa Madero, a winery in Mexico. - Pafman (A2)
Do you know who Pafman is? Learn about this Spanish superhero. - Yulimar Rojas (A2)
Learn about Yulimar Rojas, an excellent Latin American athlete. - What did you do on Halloween night last year? (A2)
Leandro tells us about what he did last halloween. - I went back home! (A2)
Mariela just returned to her home country and she is very excited about it. - Inclusive theatre (A2)
Marian and her brother Manuel went to the theatre last night. - Lost in cyberspace (A2)
Saray feels that surfing the Internet is overwhelming. - Paper fortune teller (A2)
Marta used to play with a paper fortune teller when she was a child. - Ainhoa Arteta (A2)
Learn about Ainhoa Arteta, a famous Spanish soprano. - Christmas wishes (A2)
Maribel and her children enjoyed a beautiful shopping day at the mall. - A letter to Melchior (A2)
Alberto wrote a letter to Melchior, his favourite wise man. - Our mother's stew (A2)
Nothing tastes better than a homemade stew in cold winter! - My sister's birth (A2)
Juan tells us about his sister's birth. - Manchitas (A2)
Meet Manchitas, an adorable puppy from the animal shelter. - The ideal partner (A2)
Susana describes her ideal partner. - Carnival night (A2)
Learn about a typical night in southern Spain. - Cathedral of Santa Maria de Vitoria (A2)
Marcos went to see the cathedral of Santa Maria de Vitoria with his school. - Opening a bank account (A2)
Learn Spanish banking vocabulary. - A day outside (A2)
Julián tells us about his amazing weekend. - Spain by bike (A2)
Maria and Luis love riding their bikes around Spain. B1: Intermediate Spanish writing exercises
- Party time
Practise El Futuro Simple, El Pretérito Pluscuamperfecto and El Subjuntivo to express wishes, probability and to give negative commands. - The best concert ever! Free
Practice El Indefinido and El Imperfecto past tenses. - San Sebastián International Film Festival
Discover why San Sebastian's Film Festival is so famous in Spain! You will practise relative clauses and the subjunctive tense. - What would you do in Salamanca? Free
Learn about Salamanca while practicing El Condicional (conditional). - I love swimming!
Practise El Pretérito Imperfecto (imperfect tense) and El Futuro Simple (simple future). Some vocabulary you may want to look - A trip to Majorca
Practise El Pretérito Indefinido, the position of pronouns, passive sentences with "se", El Condicional Simple and El Presente de Subjuntivo. - At the street market
Practise the passive with "se", the shortening of the word "grande", relatives and El Futuro Simple. - All Saints' Day
Learn about how All Saints' Day is celebrated in Spain. You'll practise passive sentences with "se", "lo + adj + ser", and El Presente de Subjuntivo with c > zc stem change. - My boyfriend Carlos
Practise the position of pronouns, the differences between "saber" vs. "conocer", how to say "extremely + adjective", and reciprocal verbs. - The city of the future
Practise El Futuro Simple, passive sentences with se and negative constructions. - Eating out
Practise some expressions followed by El Presente de Subjuntivo. - A Christmas jumper
Marcos must wear a Christmas jumper (US: sweater) for a party, but he is not very excited about it. In this exercise you'll practise El Presente de Subjuntivo, position of pronouns, El Futuro Simple and how to say "the most". - Yucatan Xmatkuil Fair
Practise the passive with "se", the shortening of the word "grande", relatives and El Futuro Simple. - The benefits of napping
Practise the position of the adjectives bueno and grande, El Futuro Simple and the difference between saber and conocer. - New Year's resolutions
Practise El Futuro Simple, El Presente de Subjuntivo and relative pronouns. - The origin of fire
Practise El Condicional Simple, the use of El Pretérito Imperfecto vs. El Pretérito Indefinido, and the position of "it" with infinitives. - Pasodoble Free
Learn about this famous Spanish dance. You'll practise the indefinite adjectives, El Presente de Subjuntivo and the position of pronouns. - At the gym
Samuel wants to lose some weight and keep healthy while practising El Futuro Simple, El Presente de Subjuntivo and relative pronouns. - Singing in the shower
Paco tells us about his favourite hobby. In this exercise you'll practise using: El Pretérito Perfecto Compuesto, El Pretérito Imperfecto, El Pretérito Indefinido, and El Condicional Simple. - My dream house
In this exercise you'll practise El Condicional Simple and the position of direct/indirect pronouns. - 5G network
Learn about the 5G network while practising El Futuro Simple, El Presente de Subjuntivo, and the position of pronouns with conjugated verbs. - A Tinder Date
Learn about Tomás's Tinder date while practicing El Pretérito Indefinido, El Pretérito Imperfecto, the neutral pronoun lo, El Presente de Subjuntivo and El Futuro Simple. - The ideal job candidate
In this exercise you'll practise El Presente de Subjuntivo, relative and indefinite pronouns. - The Parador of Zamora
Learn about high-class Spanish hotels located in castles, palaces and other historic buildings while practising El Condicional Simple, "saber" vs. "conocer", relative "que" and El Futuro Simple. - Women's suffrage in Mexico
Learn about the women's right to vote in Mexico. In this exercise you'll practise the position of pronouns with conjugated verbs, gerunds, passive sentences with "se" and El Pretérito Imperfecto vs. El Pretérito Indefinido. - A family lunch on Easter Sunday (B1)
Javier tells us about what lunch on Easter Sunday is like for his family. - B-Travel Barcelona
B-Travel Barcelona Learn about this interesting tourism fair in Barcelona. In this exercise you'll practise the superlative, El Condicional Simple and the neutral pronoun "lo". - A day among dolphins
Marisa tells us about her mother's passion: dolphins. - War on plastic pollution
Learn about how to fight plastic pollution. - My ideal outfit
Susana describes her ideal outfit. - Like water for chocolate
Sonia tells about the last novel that she and her mother are reading. - The horoscope
Discover today's horoscope for Gemini. - Travelling the world on a cruise boat
Rubén is dreaming about going on a cruise one day. - A video game night
Learn about the benefits of playing with video games. - Machu Picchu
Tania will soon be travelling to Machu Picchu with her sister. - The milkmaid
Learn about the milkmaid's story. - Ecotourism in Los Picos de Europa
Discover Los Picos de Europa, a beautiful mountain range in northern Spain. - Playing with the spinning top
Learn about the traditional spinning top toy. - Salvador Dalí
Learn about Salvador Dalí - The best coffee in the world
Guillermo tells us about a very special type of coffee. - Garcia Baquero (B1)
Maria's mother would like to visit this cheese factory in Spain. - Would you have your own wine cellar? (B1)
Would you like to have your own cellar at home? Learn about it! - Truth or dare! (B1)
Learn about this famous game. - Captain Thunder (B1)
Ramiro tells us about Captain Thunder. - Martín Fiz (B1) Free
Learn about Martín Fiz, a famous Spanish athlete. - A Halloween wish (B1)
Daniela tells us about her special Halloween wish. - My dream last night (B1)
Teresa had an odd dream last night. - Adventures with friends (B1)
Raquel loves spending time with her friends and going on trips with them. - What will the Internet be like in the future? (B1)
Mario imagines what the Internet will be like in the future. - Pottery in Pereruela (B1)
Isabel visited a pottery factory in north Spain. - The Gate of the Sun (B1)
Discover why The Gate of the Sun is os popular for New Year's Eve in Spain. - 6th of January (B1)
Eduardo is thinking about the 6th of January in order to get his Christmas presents. - Love on the train (B1)
Gabriela thinks she might have found love on the train. - University of Panama (B1)
Amanda's dream is to study at University of Panama. - A magic show in hospital (B1)
Alberto is starting a new job next week in a hospital. - Love or just friends? (B1)
Mercedes is thinking about telling her friend about her true feelings. - Partying in Tenerife (B1)
Learn about the carnival of Tenerife. - The least polluted village in Spain (B1)
Did you know that the least polluted town is in Spain? - Red poppies (B1)
Learn about this spring flower. B2: Upper Intermediate Spanish writing exercises
- Welcome to La Rioja's Tourist Office
Practise past participle adjectives, the future and subjunctive tenses. - No mobile phones at school anymore
Learn about the use of mobile phones in French schools while practising the future tense, some impersonal expressions and relative clauses. - My grandmother's rosebushes
Practise the pluperfect tense, relative clauses and the imperfect of subjunctive. - The Vuelta a España (Tour of Spain)
Practise El Condicional Perfecto and relative clauses. - Environmental issues Free
Practise the passive voice, the gerund, relative clauses and the subjunctive mood. - European Green Capital 2012
Practise the passive voice with simple tenses and modal verbs in El Pretérito Indefinido. - The Spanish financial crisis
Practise the passive voice and El Imperfecto de Subjuntivo. - Trash TV
Practise the verb of change "to become" and impersonal sentences. - If I had won the lottery
Practice El Pretérito Pluscuamperfecto de Subjuntivo and El Condicional Perfecto. - Kalimotxo, a different drink
Practise the usage of El Pretérito Imperfecto vs. El Pretérito Indefinido and adverbial clauses followed by El Subjuntivo. - The Mediterranean diet
Practise relatives, the position of adjectives and modal verbs in passive constructions. - Shall we take a selfie?
Practise subordinate clauses followed by El Indicativo or El Subjuntivo. - Spanish Fool's Day
Discover why Pablo feels very excited about the 28th December while practising El Futuro Perfecto of regular and irregular verbs, and adverbial clauses followed by El Presente de Subjuntivo. - My first fishing trip
In this exercise you'll practise El Presente, El Presente Progresivo and the pluralisation of nouns and adjectives. - I met Ricky Martin!
Juliana describes a music concert as you practise El Pretérito Indefinido vs. El Pretérito Imperfecto and the neutral article "lo". - DIY
Do some DIY with Marta while practising adverbial clauses followed by El Subjuntivo, El Futuro Perfecto and El Condicional Perfecto. - Guggenheim Museum Bilbao
Visit the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao while practising El Futuro Simple, impersonal expressions, clauses followed by El Subjuntivo, passive sentences and "al" followed by an infinitive. - If England were a hot country
Imagine what England would be like if it were a hot country while practising passive sentences with "se" and hypothetical clauses with El Imperfecto de Subjuntivo and El Condicional Simple. - Travelling the world in a motor home (RV)
Marcos is going to travel the world in a motor home (RV) next summer. In this exercise you'll practise El Futuro Simple and negative opinions with El subjuntivo. - The Maiden's Consent
Juan tells us about his strange experience in a taxi. In this exercise you'll practise El Pretérito Imperfecto and El Pretérito Indefinido. - A saeta
Jaime tells us about his experience in Seville during Easter celebrations. - A very nosy parrot
Meet Beru the parrot. It's hard to have a secret conversation with him around! - Volunteering at Red Cross
Marcos tells us about his plan to work as a volunteer next summer. - The Maspalomas dunes
Learn about the Maspalomas dunes in Gran Canaria. - The legend of Zorro
Learn about the famous legend of Zorro. - Sailing the seas
Pedro tells us about his unusual plan for the future. - Casa Decor Madrid
Adriana plans to attend an exclusive exhibition next year. - The Sack Man
Learn about this popular Spanish legend. - When I was a child
Marcos tells us about his childhood. - If we had our own company
Rodrigo and Marina tell us about their dream. - Motocross
Antonio loves doing motocross in his free time. - Casillero del Diablo (B2)
Rosa and Enrique tell us about their experience with this Chilean wine. - The eighth wonder burger (B2)
Learn about this crazy food challenge. - Running for a good cause (B2)
Alejandro's girlfriend is going to participate in a race for a good cause. - Mohammed (B2)
Isabel tells us about her best friend Mohammed. - Dream trips (B2)
Have you ever experienced a dream trip? - The future of inclusive education (B2)
Ester is a teacher and is passionate aboutinclusive education. - A true friendship (B2)
What does a true friendship look like? - Set design (B2)
Do you know about set design? - Where is my tambourine? (B2)
Monica is doing her best to find her misplaced tambourine before Christmas. - Who should I have dinner with? (B2)
Sheila doesn't know who to have dinner with on New Year's Eve. - A delayed train (B2)
Ana is furious about the fact that her train is delayed. - What would your perfect winter afternoon be like? (B2)
Asunción tells us about her ideal winter afternoon. - A change of career (B2)
Discover Vanessa's career plans. - Jimena (B2)
Sonia went to the hospital yesterday to visit her friend Jimena. - Long-distance love (B2)
What do you think about long-distance love? - Investments (B2)
Rebeca is thinking about investing to maximise her savings. - What's best, the countryside or the city? (B2)
Maria reflects on city life and life in the countryside. - Spring vegetables (B2)
Learn about what spring vegetables are the best for this new season. - Campervan trip (B2)
Jesús and Mateo love their campervan and travelling around Spain C1: Advanced Spanish writing exercises
- What a fright! Free
Practise indefinite adjectives, the passive voice, El Pretérito Pluscuamperfecto de Indicativo and Subjuntivo. - Corruption
Practise the passive voice with compound tenses and modal verbs. - A rock 'n' roll grandmother
Practise El Imperfecto de Subjuntivo, the passive voice with simple and compound tenses, spelling and written accents. - A Film Review
Practise neuter pronouns, the passive voice with simple and compound tenses, and "if" clauses with El Pretérito Pluscuamperfecto de Subjuntivo followed by El Condicional Compuesto. - Ice on the moon?
Practise the passive voice with compound tenses and modal verbs. - Tango
Learn about the tango while practising the difference between "por mí que" vs "para mí que", hypothetical clauses introduced by "si" + " El Imperfecto Subjuntivo" and the passive voice with compound tenses. - Antonio Gaudi
Learn about Gaudí's architecture in Barcelona and practise relative pronouns and the passive voice. - The desert island
La isla desierta Learn about this Argentinian play. In this exercise you'll practise the passive voice, the relative "cuyo" and some periphrasis. - I'm going everywhere with my GPS!
Pedro tells us about the GPS he just bought. - Chinese horoscope
Learn about the Chinese horoscope. - Videogames improve memory
Learn about the benefits of playing video games. - Climbing the Gorbea
Learn about this hill in the north of Spain. - Bungee Jumping (C1)
Candela tells us about her first bungee jump. - Paid to sleep! (C1)
Learn about this relaxing business. - Mexicans in the USA (C1)
Amelia is impressed by Mexican culture and cuisine in the USA. - Intarsia (C1)
Learn about intarsia, a very old traditional woodwork technique. - Charity Kings Parade (C1)
Are you a fan of The Three Wise Men? - A coffee shop for cats (C1)
Discover this unusual coffee shop where cats are the stars! - Mosque-Cathedral of Cordoba (C1)
Have you ever visited the Mosque-Cathedral of Cordoba?
