Spanish language Q&A Forum

¡Gracias Inma y Shui y todo el equipo por este homenaje especial a un autor maravilloso!

Why are we using pues instead of porque in the first sentence to say because?

In the example sentence. "Nos felicitaron porque habíamos aprobado todo con una nota alta," why is haber in the imperfect? I think of passing or failing something as something that happens in a moment -- you receive your grade and either it is pass or fail -- not as an ongoing state of being. Could one say "hubimos aprobado" or would that be wrong? 

Hola,

En esta frase, donde usamos el indicativo en vez del subjuntivo-  ‘Te llamé porque necesitaba ayuda’, ¿No necesitamos usar el adjetivo posesivo ‘tu’? La ‘ayuda’ podría ser ‘tu ayuda’ o ‘su ayuda’ ¿no? La traducción en inglés dice ‘I called you because I needed ‘your’ help.

Gracias 

I'm very confused by the explanation regarding the use of indirect and direct object pronouns with hacer + infinitive. The lesson says that indirect object pronouns are used with intransitive verbs, but shows direct object pronouns (lo) with the intransitive verb "arrodillarse". The lesson then says that direct object pronouns are used with transitive verbs, but then shows indirect object pronouns (les) with the transitive verb "pedir (pardón)". Is this a mistake, or am I misunderstanding?

I'm also confused by the difference between the example in the lesson and the example sentence further below:

The lesson teaches: 
Les ha hecho pedir perdón al profesor"
He made them apologise to the teacher.

But the examples sentences below show:

Los ha hecho pedir perdón al profesor.He made them apologise to the teacher.
I am completely confused :(

Though most of the English translations here use the future tense, as an American English native speaker it sounds stilted to me. I would normally say, for example, "I hope you come out with us tonight", "I hope they're very happy in their marriage.", and "My brother and I hope that you have lots of luck with the job." To me, this form, which is our very subtle subjunctive present tense, is a more natural translation from the Spanish present subjunctive than the English translations in future tense here.

Hola))

What is a Spanish equivalent for needn't have (done)?